Supported by new statistical series on stocks of physical capital and of human capital constructed for this work, this article tries to improve the explanation of China’s long-term economic growth. It begins by presenting the original databases that will be used later, emphasizing the construction methods of our different stocks of physical capital and of human capital for China from 1952 to 2012. Then, it offers econometric estimates made in the framework of a broad range of theoretical models, going from standard or augmented Solowian specifications to more or less sophisticated linearized formalizations of endogenous growth, with research and development (R&D) indicators. We find that the productive stocks of physical capital and of human capital, as well as R&D, positively and significantly contribute to Chinese GDP growth.