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            <title xml:lang="en">Islam and economic development : the case of non-muslim minorities in the  Middle East and north Africa</title>
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                <forename type="first">Mohamed</forename>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">Melani Cammett; Pauline Jones. &lt;i&gt;The Oxford Handbook of Politics in Muslim Societies.&lt;/i&gt;, Oxford University Press, 2021, 9780190931056. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931056.013.27"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931056.013.27&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Islam and economic development : the case of non-muslim minorities in the  Middle East and north Africa</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Copts</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Non-Muslim minorities</term>
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              <p>This chapter investigates a long-standing puzzle in the economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: why do MENA’s native non-Muslim minorities have better socioeconomic (SES) outcomes than the Muslim majority, both historically and today? Focusing on the case of Coptic Christians in Egypt, the largest non-Muslim minority in absolute number in the region, and employing a wide range of novel archival data sources, the chapter argues that Copts’ superior SES can be explained neither by Islam’s negative impact on Muslims’ SES (where Islam is defined as a set of beliefs or institutions) nor by colonization’s preferential treatment of Copts. Instead, the chapter traces the phenomenon to self-selection on SES during Egypt’s historical conversion from Coptic Christianity to Islam in the aftermath of the Arab Conquest of the then-Coptic Egypt in 641 CE. The argument is that the regressivity-in-income of the poll tax on non-Muslims (initially all Egyptians) that was imposed continuously from 641 to 1856 led to the shrinkage of (non-convert) Copts into a better-off minority. The Coptic-Muslim SES gap then persisted due to group restrictions on access to white-collar and artisanal skills. The chapter opens new areas of research on non-Muslim minorities in the MENA region and beyond.</p>
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