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            <title xml:lang="en">Numerical investigations on flashback limits of premixed hydrogen-methane-air laminar flames</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Numerical investigations on flashback limits of premixed hydrogen-methane-air laminar flames</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Emre</forename>
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                <term xml:lang="en">laminar flames</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">hydrogen-methane-air</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Flashback</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Combustion</term>
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              <p>Injecting  hydrogen  into  the  natural  gas  network  to  reduce  CO2  emissions  in  the  residential  sector  is  considered in EU as an important element of the zero CO2 emissions target for 2050. Assuming that hydrogen  is  generated  using  non-CO2  emitting  processes,  this  policy  has  indeed  an  important  decarbonizing potential. One crucial element is obviously the blending rate of hydrogen in natural gas and  the  associated  potential  risks,  the  main  one  being  the  flame  flash  back  phenomenon  that  could  occur  in  home  appliances  using  premixed  laminar  burners.  Presently,  there  is  no  homogenized  regulation  at  the  EU  level  for  hydrogen  blending  rates.  Therefore,  basic  studies  are  needed  to  determine the flash back limits for various natural gas and hydrogen premixtures burning in air. This  need  is  recently  addressed  especially  experimentally  in  various  studies.  A  very  comprehensive  one  is  the  work  by  de  Vries  et  al.  (2017). In  the  present  study,  we  numerically  analyse  and  simulate  their experimental results concerning the flashback limits, obtained in an experimental set-up using a quartz tube burner of 1 m length and 1 cm diameter. They have carefully regulated the mass flow rates and the hydrogen  content  of  methane  air  mixtures  in  order  to  determine the  flashback  limits  for  agiven  unburnt  mixture.  They  characterized  these  limits  for  different  Wobbe  indices  and hydrogen blending rates.    In the  present study,  the  open  source  CFD  code  OpenFOAM  is  used  for  2D axisymmetric numerical simulation  of  the  experiments.  The  reactingFoam  solver  and the laminar  combustion  model  areutilized  in  order  to  model  the  laminar  reacting  flow. ReactingFoam  uses  finite  rate  chemistry  to  compute reaction rates and uses PIMPLE algorithm to solve Navier-Stokes equations. GRIMECH 3.0 is  used  for  chemistry  computations, consisting  of  325  reactions  and  53  species.  To  reduce  the  computational cost, Tabulated Dynamic Adaptive Chemistry method is used which takes advantage of combining dynamic adaptive chemistry and in-situ adaptive tabulation algorithms. A stable  flame  is computed with a  velocity higher  than  the  experimental  flashback  limit  with  local time stepping (LTS) for every hydrogen-methane blending ratio,  as a base case. To observe flashback, the  inlet  bulk  velocity  is  gradually  reduced  and  transient  computations  are  performed,  without  LTS.  Initiation  of  flashback  below  the  experimental  limit  is  readily  observed  for  pure  methane-air  flames.  The  effect  of  hydrogen  addition  on  flashback  limits  is  studied  and  compared  to  the  experimental  results. The changes of the wall velocity gradients at flashback initiation are discussed.</p>
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