Associating collagen with biodegradable hydrophobic polyesters constitutes a promising method for the design of medicated biomaterials. Current collagen‐polyester composite hydrogels consisting of pre‐formed polymeric particles encapsulated within a low concentrated collagen hydrogel suffer from poor physical properties and low drug loading. Herein, an amphiphilic composite platform associating dense collagen hydrogels and up to 50 wt% polyesters with different hydrophobicity and chain length is developed. An original method of fabrication is disclosed based on in situ nanoprecipitation of polyesters impregnated in a pre‐formed 3D dense collagen network. Composites made of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) but not polycaprolactone (PCL) exhibit improved mechanical properties compared to those of pure collagen dense hydrogels while keeping a high degree of hydration. Release kinetics of spironolactone, a lipophilic steroid used as a drug model, can be tuned over one month. No cytotoxicity of the composites is observed on fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Unlike the incorporation of pre‐formed particles, the new process allows for both improved physical properties of collagen hydrogels and controlled drug delivery. The ease of fabrication, wide range of accessible compositions, and positive preliminary safety evaluations of these collagen‐polyesters will favor their translation into clinics in wide areas such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.