Vegetation type and topographic characteristics are important factors that affect the amount and spatial distribution of the forest floor and the soil carbon cycling. However, the relationships among vegetation type, topographic characteristics, forest floor properties, soil properties and soil labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions remain to be elucidated. Here, we conducted a field observational study to explore the relationships between the soil LOC fractions (microbial biomass carbon (MBC), extractable organic carbon (EOC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (Pox-C)) and forest floor characteristics under various vegetation types (forest, forest-steppe and steppe) and topographic features (slope position and aspect). Our results showed that the vegetation type and topography are both important factors that significantly influence the forest floor properties (i.e., stock, thickness and coverage). The soil total nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly increased, and the soil pH and bulk density were decreased, with an increase in litter stock, coverage and thickness. Simultaneously, the SOC and soil LOC fractions were increased significantly with the increase in litter stock, coverage and thickness. Over 50% of the variation in the SOC and soil LOC fractions was jointly explained by environmental factors, litter properties and soil properties. Our results demonstrated that the SOC and soil LOC fractions are directly influenced by soil physical and chemical properties (e.g., pH, bulk density and soil total nitrogen) and indirectly affected by external environmental factors. Changes in vegetation and topography lead to increases in the litter stock, coverage, thickness and water content in the backslope position and northern slope, which could create favorable soil nutrient and environmental conditions (e.g., higher soil moisture and lower bulk density) to further enhance SOC and soil LOC fraction sequestration. The forest floor potentially links environmental factors and soil properties and serves as an important factor for soil C cycling.