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            <title xml:lang="en">Tokyo subways: a public-private tool to renovate the 21st century metropolis congested spaces</title>
            <title xml:lang="it">Metropolitana di Tokyo: uno strumento pubblico-privato per rinnovare gli spazi congestionati delle metropoli del XXI secolo</title>
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                <forename type="first">Corinne</forename>
                <surname>Tiry-Ono</surname>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Trasporti &amp; Cultura&lt;/i&gt;, 2020, RETI E STAZIONI DELLA METROPOLITANA TRA FUNZIONALITA' E ARCHITETTURA, 57, pp.16-23</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Tokyo subways: a public-private tool to renovate the 21st century metropolis congested spaces</title>
                <title xml:lang="it">Metropolitana di Tokyo: uno strumento pubblico-privato per rinnovare gli spazi congestionati delle metropoli del XXI secolo</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Corinne</forename>
                    <surname>Tiry-Ono</surname>
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                  <email type="md5">3d7b098e14532e8dd810bbfabf004819</email>
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                <title level="j">Trasporti &amp; Cultura</title>
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                  <biblScope unit="serie">RETI E STAZIONI DELLA METROPOLITANA TRA FUNZIONALITA' E ARCHITETTURA</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">57</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">16-23</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2020</date>
                  <date type="dateEpub">2021-01-11</date>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Tokyo</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Asia</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">architecture</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">urban identity</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">subway stations</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Japan</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Japon</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Tokyo</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Asie</term>
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              <p>This article is focusing on the Tokyo mass-transit subways congested space, in particular on its underground layer we consider as an innovative space generator. Traditionally unbalanced in terms of economic or risk issues, the eastern and western parts of the capital city of Japan are also unequal in terms of transportation service.Looking on the latest public and private subway lines’ agenda—the Ōedo line and the Fukutoshin line, which opened respectively in 2000 and 2008—brings an opportunity to recall the delayed development history of subways in Tokyo, and the early 21st century new opportunities for public and private stakeholders.While pre-existing subway stations introduced a generic system, both new ones were planned and conceived to respond to multiple purposes and scales issues. Urban regeneration dynamism, attractiveness reinforcement, natural disasters countermeasures, metropolitan accessibility, for instance, were combined with the infrastructures deep location problematic condition. Independent architects have been unusually called to solve those complex issues with simple or spectacular but adapted spatial devices including open space bonus requests. Those “privately owned public spaces” nonetheless show a risk for public urban authorities to rely exclusively on the private sector to improve the quality of collective spaces.If each new line’s specific architectural characteristics are reinforcing the historical east-west disparity of Tokyo, each one is nonetheless fitting and reinforcing the singular urban identity they are serving.</p>
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              <p>L’articolo è focalizzato sullo spazio congestionato della metropolitane di Tokyo per il trasporto di massa, in particolare sul suo livello sotterraneo, che noi consideriamo come un innovativo generatore di spazialità. Tradizionalmente sbilanciati dal punto di vista economico, o comunque a rischio, i quartieri orientali e quelli occidentali della capitale del Giappone sono diseguali anche in termini di servizio di trasporto.Guardare ai programmi più recenti delle inee pubbliche e private —la linea Ōedo e la linea Fukutoshin, attivate rispettivamente nel 2000 e nel 2008 — offre la possibilità di ricordare la storia del tardo sviluppo delle metropolitane di Tokyo e le nuove opportunità per gli stakeholders pubblici e privati all’inizio del 21° secolo. Entrambe le nuove stazioni sono state progettate e concepite per rispondere a molteplici funzioni. Il dinamismo delle rigenerazione urbana, l’aumento dell’attrattività, le contromisure studiate per i disastri naturali, l’accessibilità, per esempio, sono combinate con la condizione problematica insita nelle infrastrutture sotterranee. In modo inusuale, sono stati chiamati architetti indipendenti per risolvere quei problemi complessi con soluzioni spaziali semplici o spettacolari, ma adeguate alle esigenze. Se le caratteristiche architettoniche specifiche di ogni nuova linea stanno rafforzando la storica disparità fra est e ovest, ognuna, comunque, rafforza la singolare identità urbana che sta servendo.</p>
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