Interaction of climate change with effects of conspecific and heterospecific density on reproduction
2 Universidad de Sevilla = University of Seville = Université de Seville
3 Cornell University [New York]
4 Universiteit Antwerpen = University of Antwerp
5 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
6 University of Lódź = Uniwersytet Łódzki
7 Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology
8 iEES Paris - Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris
9 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
10 PSH - Plantes et systèmes de culture horticoles
11 CTFC - Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya
12 Ǧāmiʿat͏̈ Hayfā = University of Haifa
13 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University = Université Jagellon de Cracovie
14 Stazione Ornitologica di Palermo
15 PAN - Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences = Académie polonaise des sciences
16 Université de Lyon
17 LBBE - Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558
18 CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
19 University of Turku
20 School of Biosciences [Cardiff]
21 University of Oulu [Finland] = Oulun yliopisto [Suomi] = Université d'Oulu [Finlande]
22 TAU - Tel Aviv University
23 University of Gloucestershire [Cheltenham]
24 Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology
25 Uppsala University
26 Lancaster University
27 EDB - Evolution et Diversité Biologique
28 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology - Bush Estate
29 SETE - Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale
30 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
31 Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
32 Tartu University Hospital
33 University of Montana
34 CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain]
35 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland] = Uniwersytet Wrocławski [Polska] = Universität Breslau [Polen] = Université de Wrocław [Pologne]
36 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
37 University of Glasgow
38 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
39 MARE UC - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre
40 Åbo Akademi University [Turku]
41 ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon = Université de Lisbonne [Lisboa]
42 Latvian Fund for Nature
43 Palacky University Olomouc
44 UNIBE - Universität Bern = University of Bern = Université de Berne
45 UDC - University of A Coruña
46 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona
47 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
48 UiO - University of Oslo
49 Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy
50 SROPU
51 University of Sussex
52 ELTE - Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem = Eötvös Loránd University [Budapest]
53 PULS - Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu)
54 NIOO-KNAW - Netherlands Institute of Ecology
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Résumé
We studied the relationship between temperature and the coexistence of great tit Parus major and blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, breeding in 75 study plots across Europe and North Africa. We expected an advance in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer springs as a general response to climate warming and a delay in laying date and a reduction in clutch size during warmer winters due to density-dependent effects. As expected, as spring temperature increases laying date advances and as winter temperature increases clutch size is reduced in both species. Density of great tit affected the relationship between winter temperature and laying date in great and blue tit. Specifically, as density of great tit increased and temperature in winter increased both species started to reproduce later. Density of blue tit affected the relationship between spring temperature and blue and great tit laying date. Thus, both species start to reproduce earlier with increasing spring temperature as density of blue tit increases, which was not an expected outcome, since we expected that increasing spring temperature should advance laying date, while increasing density should delay it cancelling each other out. Climate warming and its interaction with density affects clutch size of great tits but not of blue tits. As predicted, great tit clutch size is reduced more with density of blue tits as temperature in winter increases. The relationship between spring temperature and density on clutch size of great tits depends on whether the increase is in density of great tit or blue tit. Therefore, an increase in temperature negatively affected the coexistence of blue and great tits differently in both species. Thus, blue tit clutch size was unaffected by the interaction effect of density with temperature, while great tit clutch size was affected in multiple ways by these interactions terms.
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