Few archaeological sites in the Oman peninsula (eastern Arabia) have so far been studied from an anthracological point of view and this is particularly true for the historical periods (Tengberg 1999, 2002). The recent excavations of a burnt building at the late Pre-Islamic site of Mleiha in the Emirate of Sharjah (United Arab Emirates) allows us to gain unique knowledge on the wood economy of the inhabitants of the site in the 2nd and 3rd century AD. Carbonised construction elements as well as pieces of a large diversity of wooden objects were retrieved from the excavation and also maybe charcoal resulting from the use of wood as fuel. Consequently, the understanding of construction methods and the choice of wood for these purposes is an issue that can be approached by this material. Moreover, these remains help us to reconstruct the vegetation cover around the site whether of natural or anthropogenic origin. In this aim, the probable cultivation of fruit trees in local date palm gardens will be discuss. Finally, at this site, where the archaeological finds point to the involvement in long-distance trade, in particular with Iran, Mesopotamia and India, the question of the importation of wood is of particular interest and we will consider the possible origin of non-indigenous temperate taxa.