Recently, a refinement of Elliot et al.’s achievement goal model (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Elliot & Murayama, 2008) was proposed by Elliot, Murayama, and Pekrun (2011). These authors validated an achievement goal questionnaire based on a 6-­‐goal framework. By combining different definitions of competence (based on task mastery, self improvement, or others) and the valence of the outcome (appetitive or aversive), this questionnaire measures task-­‐approach (mastering a task), task-­‐avoidance (not failing in a task), self-­‐approach (performing better than previously), self-­‐avoidance (not performing worse than previously), other-­‐approach (outperforming others), and other-­‐avoidance goals in academics (not being outperformed by others).