<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-02874840</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-15T10:56:16+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics: Comparison between two routes</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Raymond</forename>
                <surname>Hajj</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">1514854-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Roland</forename>
                <surname>El Hage</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">1237ed97e20a03acd28cdf8ba5d6aabf</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">roland-el-hage</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1225190</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1335708-1225190</idno>
              <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=RNSxfPcAAAAJ</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-338624"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-159922"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Rodolphe</forename>
                <surname>Sonnier</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">3ab5271e26c81c46c01013fe85ea1f0c</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">rodolphe-sonnier</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">181118</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">8617-181118</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/11612735X</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-7299</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Belkacem</forename>
                <surname>Otazaghine</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">6978663a5d247c16281002167075c1e1</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">belkacem-otazaghine</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">740016</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">5367-740016</idno>
              <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-1833-2009</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/079497004</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1967-9984</idno>
              <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wexaTiIAAAAJ&amp;hl=fr</idno>
              <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-1833-2009</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Benjamin</forename>
                <surname>Gallard</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">2c14d1bdb46b5b733b660ecfa3c8e958</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">benjamin-gallard</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">174046</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">19727-174046</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7167-4489</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Sophie</forename>
                <surname>Rouif</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">765325</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">604071-765325</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-3929</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1041684"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Michel</forename>
                <surname>Nakhl</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">516491-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-159922"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-338624"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">José-Marie</forename>
                <surname>Lopez-Cuesta</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">d2279c7b4ef02074c88e838ef8af5152</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jose-marie-lopez-cuesta</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">746339</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">353993-746339</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/087537737</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1723-3287</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>HAL</forename>
                <surname>Depots</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">2ff85e6ba204420808bafc94182ea5c4</email>
              <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2021-05-26 10:08:42</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2026-02-12 08:38:02</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2021-05-28 15:46:06</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2018-01</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2021-05-26</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-02874840v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2021-05-26"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-02874840v1/file/grafting-of-phosphorus-flame-retardants-on-flax-fabrics.pdf" id="file-3236041-2841206">
                <date notBefore="2021-05-26"/>
              </ref>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="898177">
                <persName>
                  <forename>HAL</forename>
                  <surname>Depots</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">2ff85e6ba204420808bafc94182ea5c4</email>
                <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-02874840</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-02874840</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">hajj:hal-02874840</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Polymer Degradation and Stability&lt;/i&gt;, 2018, 147, pp.25-34. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2018, 147, pp.25-34. &amp;#x27E8;10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://about.hal.science/hal-authorisation-v1/">HAL Authorization<ref corresp="#file-3236041-2841206"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="EM-ALES">Ecole des Mines d'Alès</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INSTITUTS-TELECOM">composantes instituts telecom </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="IMT-MINES-ALES" corresp="INSTITUT-MINES-TELECOM">IMT Mines Alès</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INSTITUT-MINES-TELECOM">Institut Mines Telecom</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics: Comparison between two routes</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Raymond</forename>
                    <surname>Hajj</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">1514854-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Roland</forename>
                    <surname>El Hage</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">1237ed97e20a03acd28cdf8ba5d6aabf</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">roland-el-hage</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1225190</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">1335708-1225190</idno>
                  <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=RNSxfPcAAAAJ</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-338624"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-159922"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Rodolphe</forename>
                    <surname>Sonnier</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">3ab5271e26c81c46c01013fe85ea1f0c</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">rodolphe-sonnier</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">181118</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">8617-181118</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/11612735X</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-7299</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Belkacem</forename>
                    <surname>Otazaghine</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">6978663a5d247c16281002167075c1e1</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">belkacem-otazaghine</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">740016</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">5367-740016</idno>
                  <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-1833-2009</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/079497004</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1967-9984</idno>
                  <idno type="GOOGLE SCHOLAR">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wexaTiIAAAAJ&amp;hl=fr</idno>
                  <idno type="RESEARCHERID">http://www.researcherid.com/rid/http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-1833-2009</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Benjamin</forename>
                    <surname>Gallard</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">2c14d1bdb46b5b733b660ecfa3c8e958</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">benjamin-gallard</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">174046</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">19727-174046</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7167-4489</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Sophie</forename>
                    <surname>Rouif</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">765325</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">604071-765325</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-3929</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1041684"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Michel</forename>
                    <surname>Nakhl</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">516491-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-159922"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-338624"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">José-Marie</forename>
                    <surname>Lopez-Cuesta</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">d2279c7b4ef02074c88e838ef8af5152</email>
                  <email type="domain">mines-ales.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jose-marie-lopez-cuesta</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">746339</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">353993-746339</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/087537737</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1723-3287</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-397287"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">18111</idno>
                <idno type="issn">0141-3910</idno>
                <idno type="eissn">1873-2321</idno>
                <title level="j">Polymer Degradation and Stability</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Elsevier</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">147</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">25-34</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2018-01</date>
                  <date type="dateEpub">2017-11-13</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="doi">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006</idno>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">Flame retardancy</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Flax</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Phosphorus</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">E-beam irradiation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Chemical modification</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Grafting</term>
              </keywords>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="spi">Engineering Sciences [physics]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Flax fabrics were modified through two grafting methods in order to improve their flame retardancy. Vinyl phosphonic acid was used to treat flax fabrics via a condensation reaction between phosphonic acid function and flax hydroxyl groups. It was also grafted under radiation conditions taking advantage of its carbon-carbon double bond. Grafting efficiency of each method was assessed by X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the phosphorus grafting on fire behavior was studied using thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry and a preliminary fire test. In all cases, the diffusion of the phosphorus molecules into the elementary fibers bulk was observed. Phosphorus content reached 1.4 wt% using radiation grafting, leading to self-extinguishing fabrics.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="researchteam" xml:id="struct-397287" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Pôle MPA</orgName>
          <date type="start">2009-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2019-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>IMT Mines Alès- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 ALES cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-216607" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-6279" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-338624" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de la Technologie</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">EDST</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Campus Universitaire de Rafic Hariri – Hadath (Liban)</addrLine>
              <country key="LB"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://edst.ul.edu.lb/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-303340" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-159922" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Matériaux</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">LCPM</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Faculté des Sciences II Campus Fanar, BP 90656, Jdeideh</addrLine>
              <country key="LB"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-303340" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-1041684" status="INCOMING">
          <orgName>IONIOS SA</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Dagneux</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-216607" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">185455948</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 0372 9024 </idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">200020610G</idno>
          <orgName>Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">C2MA</orgName>
          <date type="start">2012-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2019-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>École des Mines d'Alès / Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès6 Avenue de Clavières30319 ALES cedexTéléphone : +33 4 66 78 50 00Par courrier électronique : c2ma@mines-ales.fr</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://c2ma.mines-ales.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-6279" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-6279" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">032486111</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0000 9734 247X</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03e8rf594</idno>
          <orgName>IMT MINES ALÈS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1843-09-22</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>IMT - Mines Ales École des MinesSite de Clavières : 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CedexSite de Croupillac : Rue Jules Renard, 30100 AlèsSite de Pau : Hélioparc (bâtiment Einstein 1), 2 avenue du Président-Pierre-Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.mines-ales.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-302102" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-302102" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">192427156</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">000000012202567X</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/025vp2923</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q27962533</idno>
          <orgName>Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IMT</orgName>
          <date type="start">2012-03-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>19 Place Marguerite Perey, 91120 Palaiseau</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.imt.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-303340" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">08401430X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0001 2324 3572</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05x6qnc69</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q975461</idno>
          <orgName>الجامعة اللبنانية [بيروت] = Lebanese University [Beirut] = Université libanaise [Beyrouth]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">LU / ULB</orgName>
          <date type="start">1951-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>P.O. Box 6573/14 Badaro, Museum, Beirut</addrLine>
              <country key="LB"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ul.edu.lb/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>