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                  <date type="datePub">2014</date>
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              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdu.stu.oc">Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography</classCode>
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              <p>Mer intercontinentale presque entièrement fermée, la Méditerranée s'étend sur environ 2,5millions de km2. Elle s'ouvre sur l'océan Atlantique via le détroit de Gibraltar et est reliée à lamer Noire par le Bosphore et, depuis 1869, à la mer Rouge par le canal de Suez. Située à la limitedes plaques africaine et eurasienne, elle est le siège d'une intense activité sismique etvolcanique.D'un point de vue physique, elle se divise principalement en deux bassins bien individualisés(Méditerranée occidentale et orientale), eux-mêmes subdivisés en nombreuses entitéscontrastées. Sous l'influence des grands fleuves qui s'y jettent (Pô, Rhône, Nil, Ebre…) et desdifférents courants dont elle est le siège, elle se caractérise par des transferts horizontaux etverticaux rapides, fortement dépendants des conditions météo-climatiques et soumis à unegrande variabilité à toutes les échelles temporelles.D'un point de vue biologique, la mer Méditerranée est identifiée comme l'un des ' hot spots ' dela biodiversité marine, abritant de très nombreuses espèces, dont un fort pourcentaged'endémiques. Lagunes littorales, marais maritimes, estuaires, deltas, côtes rocheuses etsableuses, herbiers, coralligènes, fonds meubles et rocheux, canyons, plateaux, montagnes sousmarines, sont autant d'habitats remarquables qui favorisent la diversité des organismes enMéditerranée.D'un point de vue géopolitique, la mer Méditerranée représentait dans l'Antiquité un carrefourd'échanges commerciaux et culturels entre les peuples de la région. Elle constitue aujourd'hui unespace partagé par 23 pays riverains, traversé et exploité par ces pays et des tierces parties.C'est un espace disputé, avec des tensions entre les usagers et des compétitions sur lesressources. Néanmoins, sur l'ensemble des problématiques liées à la mer, les pays riverains sontliés par une ' communauté de destin '. D'où la nécessité de mieux coopérer, à l'échelle del'ensemble du bassin, en termes d'analyse et d'évaluation des ressources ; d'observation, de suiviet de contrôle ; et de gestion des ressources et des usages qui en découlent.D'un point de vue humain, les pays riverains rassemblaient en 2011 une population de 475millions d'habitants, dont un tiers sur le littoral et une forte proportion dans des ' mégacités 'côtières ou proches de la mer (Le Caire, Istanbul, Athènes, Rome, Barcelone, Marseille, Alger…).Depuis le littoral jusqu'au large, la mer Méditerranée est le siège de nombreuses activités :espace de navigation, exploitation de ses ressources vivantes ou minérales, mais aussi de sesparticularités paysagères, culturelles et climatiques qui attirent chaque année sur le littoralméditerranéen plus de touristes que celui-ci ne compte d'habitants ! Elle procure également unegrande diversité de services écosystémiques non marchands (nurseries pour les espècesexploitées, recyclage des éléments nutritifs, absorption et séquestration de CO2 atmosphérique,filtration des substances toxiques, protection contre l'érosion des côtes…), dont dépendent laqualité de vie des populations riveraines et certaines de leurs activités économiques, comme lapêche, l'aquaculture, le tourisme…</p>
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