<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-02813911</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-25T15:15:56+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Labor force participation by the elderly and employment of the young. The case of France</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Mélika</forename>
                <surname>Ben Salem</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">0e7d90d015f9d06ea6897c5dbda7f50a</email>
              <email type="domain">u-pem.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">melika-ben-salem</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">20850</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12524-20850</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-9558</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/135654424</idno>
              <idno type="VIAF">https://viaf.org/viaf/273716591</idno>
              <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000384166552</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-55208"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Didier</forename>
                <surname>Blanchet</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">290011-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-301953"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Antoine</forename>
                <surname>Bozio</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">17e7b9095e29861bad89e33d88357dab</email>
              <email type="domain">ipp.eu</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">antoine-bozio</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743083</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12525-743083</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-6148</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/129539597</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-321845"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Muriel</forename>
                <surname>Roger</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">af7b872c257140dbffe358cea5795a8a</email>
              <email type="domain">univ-paris1.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">muriel-roger</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">10593</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12046-10593</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/120130297</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-5175</idno>
              <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000054997783</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Migration</forename>
                <surname>ProdInra</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">9e5ed7d56b52b3d4383123b1ffb42236</email>
              <email type="domain">inrae.fr</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2020-06-06 11:42:28</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2025-11-04 12:14:43</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2020-06-06 11:42:28</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2010</date>
              <fs>
                <f name="inra_publicVise_local" notation="string" n="SC">
                  <string>inra_publicVise_local_SC</string>
                </f>
              </fs>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="888556">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Migration</forename>
                  <surname>ProdInra</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">9e5ed7d56b52b3d4383123b1ffb42236</email>
                <email type="domain">inrae.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-02813911</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02813911</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">bensalem:hal-02813911</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">Jonathan Gruber, David A. Wise. &lt;i&gt;Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment&lt;/i&gt;, Chicago University Press, 384 p., 2010, 9780226309484</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">Jonathan Gruber, David A. Wise. Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment, Chicago University Press, 384 p., 2010, 9780226309484</idno>
            <availability status="restricted"/>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SHS">Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS1">Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PARIS">Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENPC" corresp="PARISTECH">École nationale des ponts et chaussées </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PJSE" corresp="SHS">Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSE">Paris School of Economics</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="EHESS">Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INRA">INRA - Institut national de la recherche agronomique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PARISTECH">ParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSL">Université Paris sciences et lettres</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AGREENIUM">Archive ouverte en agrobiosciences</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INRAE">Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSE-POST-PRINT">PSE Post-Print</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PSL" corresp="PSL">École normale supérieure - PSL</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INSEE">INSEE</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="commentary">Chapitre 4</note>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Labor force participation by the elderly and employment of the young. The case of France</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Mélika</forename>
                    <surname>Ben Salem</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">0e7d90d015f9d06ea6897c5dbda7f50a</email>
                  <email type="domain">u-pem.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">melika-ben-salem</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">20850</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12524-20850</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-9558</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/135654424</idno>
                  <idno type="VIAF">https://viaf.org/viaf/273716591</idno>
                  <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000384166552</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-55208"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Didier</forename>
                    <surname>Blanchet</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">290011-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-301953"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Antoine</forename>
                    <surname>Bozio</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">17e7b9095e29861bad89e33d88357dab</email>
                  <email type="domain">ipp.eu</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">antoine-bozio</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">743083</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12525-743083</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-6148</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/129539597</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-321845"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Muriel</forename>
                    <surname>Roger</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">af7b872c257140dbffe358cea5795a8a</email>
                  <email type="domain">univ-paris1.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">muriel-roger</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">10593</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">12046-10593</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/120130297</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-5175</idno>
                  <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000054997783</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-139754"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-301309"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="isbn">9780226309484</idno>
                <title level="m">Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Relationship to Youth Employment</title>
                <editor>Jonathan Gruber, David A. Wise</editor>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Chicago University Press</publisher>
                  <pubPlace>(united states)</pubPlace>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">384 p.</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2010</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="prodinra">199584</idno>
              <relatedItem target="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00586064" type="IsVersionOf" subtype="http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b"/>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs">Humanities and Social Sciences</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="marché du travail">marché du travail</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="participation">participation</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="retraite">retraite</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="senior">senior</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="chômage">chômage</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae-old" n="mobilité">mobilité</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>One of the justifications provided for early retirement policies in developed countries is the idea that such policies can facilitate access to the labor market for younger people and help lower global unemployment. But many questions remain on the true effect on young workers of these policies. The objective of the present paper is to study the long term relationship between labor force participation of the old and unemployment of the young in France since the beginning of the 1970s. Establishing causal relationship of the reduction of labor force participation of the old on employment prospect of the young is a challenging work. Evidence of the correlation between youth labor market outcomes and older worker's labor force participation plead more in favor of a positive association between younger and older workers' employment. An increase in the older workers' participation is indeed correlated with an increase in the employment rate of young workers and a decrease in their unemployment rate. Even controlling for the economic cycle, this positive association remains - albeit less robustly. These correlations, based on times series, are not however evidence of causal relationship between younger and older workers' employment. We then use an index summarizing the intensity of policies aiming at removing older workers from the labor market, based on Social Security wealth. The effect of the wealth index on youth labor market outcomes is always significant, whatever the set of the control variables we use and with a similar size and the same sign. The coefficient is negative for both the unemployment and employment of youth, with or without controlling for school attendance. In France policies aiming at removing older workers from the labor market have been prompted by increase in unemployment. Granger causality tests between youth unemployment and the Wealth index show therefore a significant link in both directions, whereas nothing is significant between youth employment and the Wealth index. Hence if we do not find evidence that reducing labor force participation of the old provide jobs for the young, we cannot exclude altogether that some general and unaccounted cause is hiding its true impact.</p>
            </abstract>
            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>Dans les pays développés, les préretraites sont souvent présentées comme des politiques qui faciliteraient l'accès au marché du travail des jeunes et permettraient aussi une baisse générale du chômage. L'étude des corrélations entre la situation des jeunes et la participation des seniors au marché du travail français depuis le début des années 1970 suggère plutôt une forme de complémentarité. Une hausse de la participation des seniors s'accompagne en effet d'un accroissement de l'emploi des jeunes et d'une baisse de leur niveau de chômage. Cette relation reste vérifiée, même en contrôlant le cycle économique -- dont l'impact est d'en réduire l'ampleur. Ces corrélations, obtenues à partir de séries temporelles, ne permettent toutefois pas d'établir des effets causaux. Pour étudier la relation causale, les auteurs ont remplacés les taux de participation des seniors par un indice d'intensité des politiques de retrait du marché du travail, construit à partir des politiques de retraite et préretraite mises en place sur la période étudiée. L'effet de cet indice sur la situation des jeunes sur le marché du travail est toujours significatif et de même signe, quel que soit l'ensemble des variables de contrôle utilisées. Le coefficient est négatif pour l'emploi et le chômage. En France les politiques d'incitation au retrait d'activité ont été mises en place en partie en réaction à la montée du chômage. Les tests de causalité à la Granger entre le chômage des jeunes et notre indice mettent ainsi en évidence un lien significatif dans les deux sens alors que rien n'est significatif entre l'emploi des jeunes et cet indice. Finalement, même si les auteurs ne peuvent conclure que réduire la participation des seniors fournit des emplois aux jeunes, il n'est pas exclus que des effets d'équilibre général non pris en compte puissent jouer.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-55208" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Centre d'études de l'emploi</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CEE</orgName>
          <date type="end">2016-09-30</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>"Le Descartes I" 29 promenade Michel Simon 93166 Noisy-le-Grand cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.cee-recherche.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-301855" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-301901" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-301309" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">195137299</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">200617701U</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/01qtp1053</idno>
          <orgName>Paris School of Economics</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2006-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2024-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-7550" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-99539" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-301545" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-577435" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-139754" status="OLD">
          <orgName>Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2010-01-01</date>
          <date type="end">2016-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.pse.ens.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="USC1336" active="#struct-92114" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-99539" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-301545" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR8545" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301953" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE)</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INSEE</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-321845" status="INCOMING">
          <orgName>Institute for Fiscal Studies</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="GB"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301855" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">M.E.N.E.S.R.</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>1 rue Descartes - 75231 Paris cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301901" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/018k53h31</idno>
          <orgName>Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-7550" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">027361802</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">000000012173743X</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/002t25c44</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UP1</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>12 place du Panthéon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-59704" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">031738419</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000123532622</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05a0dhs15</idno>
          <orgName>École normale supérieure - Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ENS-PSL</orgName>
          <date type="start">1985-07-24</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>45, Rue d'Ulm - 75230 Paris cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ens.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-564132" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">241597595</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 1784 3645</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/013cjyk83</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Sciences et Lettres</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSL</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60 rue Mazarine 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-99539" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">026374889</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02d9dg697</idno>
          <orgName>École des hautes études en sciences sociales</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">EHESS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1975-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>54, boulevard Raspail 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ehess.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-301545" status="OLD">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02nwvxz07</idno>
          <orgName>École nationale des ponts et chaussées</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ENPC</orgName>
          <date type="start">1747-02-14</date>
          <date type="end">2024-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>École nationale des ponts et chaussées, 6-8 avenue Blaise-Pascal, Cité Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://ecoledesponts.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-577435" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/003vg9w96</idno>
          <orgName>Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INRAE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-92114" status="OLD">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/01x3gbx83</idno>
          <orgName>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INRA</orgName>
          <date type="start">1946-05-18</date>
          <date type="end">2019-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.inra.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>