Road verges provide a refuge for numerous plant species, especially in agroecosystems characterized for decades by a general decline in semi-natural habitats and edge density. Beyond the influence of present landscape structure on the local structure and composition of plant communities, past landscape structure could also have a substantial effect. Indeed, a temporal delay could especially be hypothesized between periods of landscape changes and biological responses of plant communities. We surveyed plant communities of three adjacent elements of 190 road-field boundaries in Central-Western France: the berm, the embankment and the field margin. We compared the effects of past (1980) and present (2011) surrounding agricultural landscape structure on the plant species richness of each element and on the Sorensen taxonomic compositional dissimilarity index between pairs of elements using linear models and a model averaging procedure. We characterized the landscape structure at both time periods within three circular buffers of 250, 500 and 1000 m radius around the centre of each sampled road-field boundary. In each buffer, we calculated the proportion of grasslands, the proportion of woodlands and the edge density. Despite a weak explanatory power of the landscape structure, species richness of each road-field element was better explained by past than present landscape structure. Species richness of berms, the element of the road-field boundary having the highest proportion of perennial species, was also the most influenced by past landscape structure. As an example, species richness of berms increased with the proportion of woodlands and the edge density when considering a buffer of 500 m radius. In contrast, compositional dissimilarity between pair of elements was neither affected by past nor present landscape structure. Our results suggest that the taxonomic diversity of plant communities of road-field boundaries have a time-lagged response to landscape changes, emphasising that currently implemented management programs represent high stakes for biodiversity conservation in future decades.