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                <term xml:lang="fr">analyses multi-proxy</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Vikings</term>
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              <p>Palaeoenvironmentalists from the Chrono-environment laboratory in Besançon have been working in Greenland since 2006. The Study area is located in southern Greenland, within the Norse Eastern settlement occupied from 986 to 1450 cal. BC. The study aims at characterizing the impact of this first colonization on a pristine environment. The lacustrine sequence was studied with the help of different proxies (palynology, Non Pollen Palynomorph, Diatoms, sedimentology, geochemical and isotope analyses) and, in some site, the Norse settlement was integrated in the Holocene context. About 20 sediment cores were collected during 5 fieldtrips from 2006 to 2013. The Holocene sequence from Igaliku, the medieval Garðar, starts at 8000 cal. AD and the record of pollen rain start at about 6100 cal. AD ; it is one of the best radiocarbon dated sequence of this area. From 6100 to 2500 cal. AD, pollen diagram from Lake Igaliku shows that vegetation is dominated by juniper and willow. Starting in 2500 cal. AD, with the beginning of the neoglacial period, Juniper pollen decreases while dwarf birch and white birch become the dominant tree taxa. Decrease in birch and juniper and the rise in coprophilous fungi are the first evidences of the Norse settlement. The presence of settlers and livestock is clearly recorded: increasing soil erosion frequencies Norse apophytes (sheep sorrel, dandelion, buttercup) and coprophilous fungi. This colonization phase is followed by a period of decreasing human impact at the beginning of the 14th century, with a decrease in coprophilous fungi suggesting a reduced grazing pressure. The regrowth of willow and birch and the disappearance of anthropogenic indicators except sheep sorrel type between the 15th and 18th century demonstrate the abandonment of the settlement, until the development of contemporary agriculture in the 20th century. Impact of modern agriculture on vegetation is comparable to the Norse impact. However, mechanization and fertilization have heavily increased soil erosion and transformed the lake ecosystem.</p>
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              <p>Depuis 2006, une équipe constituée de paléoenvironnementalistes du laboratoire Chronoenvironnement de Besançon travaille sur les séquences lacustres du sud du Groenland. Le secteur étudié est au cœur de la zone occupée par les viking (l’Eastern settlement) entre 986 et 1450 cal. AD. Le but premier de cette étude était de mettre en évidence l’impact de cette colonisation sur un environnement vierge. L’étude des paramètres biotiques (grains de pollen, microfossiles non polliniques et diatomées) et abiotiques (sédimentologie, géochimie et isotopes) a été étendue à l’ensemble de certaines séquences afin de replacer la partie viking dans son contexte holocène. Cinq missions de terrain ont permis de collecter une vingtaine de séquences lacustres. La séquence sédimentaire prélevée dans le lac d’Igaliku (N61°00’22”, W45°26’28), à côté du site médiéval de Garðar débute aux environs de 8000 cal. BC et l’enregistrement pollinique commence à partir de 6100 cal. AD ; elle fait partie des rares séquences complètes et bien datées (28 dates radiocarbone) de ce secteur subarctique. La première moitié de l’Holocène, jusque vers 2500 cal. BC, est marquée par un couvert végétal dominé par le genévrier et le saule. Ensuite l’apparition des conditions plus humides du Néoglacial favorise l’essor du bouleau glanduleux, puis du bouleau pubescent. Dès la fin du premier millénaire après Jésus-Christ, la colonisation viking est marquée par une pression pastorale qui se traduit par l’augmentation brutale des taux de spores de champignons coprophiles, la diminution des pourcentages de bouleau et l’apparition de plantes importées comme l’oseille, le bouton d’or ou le pissenlit. Le développement de ces activités agropastorales entraine une érosion modérée des sols mais les diatomées montrent que le système lacustre n’est en rien affecté par ces changements. Dès 1300 cal. AD la pression pastorale et l’érosion diminuent, données corroborées par l’archéologie. À l’orée du Petit Âge Glaciaire, les viking se tournent vers une alimentation tirée de la mer aux dépends de l’élevage. Aux environs de 1450 cal. AD, le peuplement disparait mais la résilience est modérée du point de vue de la végétation car les plantes importées se maintiennent. La réintroduction de l’élevage au début du XXe siècle est parfaitement marquée par les différents paramètres d’étude : si l’impact sur la végétation n’est guère différent de ce qui a été observé pendant la période viking, l’érosion est largement supérieure et l’emploi d’engrais bouleverse définitivement l’écosystème lacustre.</p>
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