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            <funder>This work was funded in part by grants from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Ebola Task Force; REACTing (REsearch and ACTion targeting emerging infectious diseases) and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Montpellier Université d’Excellence (EBOHEALTH; I-Site MUSE, ANR-16-IDEX-0006). A. K. K. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from Montpellier Université d’Excellence (I-Site MUSE, ANR-16-IDEX-0006).</funder>
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                    <forename type="first">Jean François</forename>
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                    <forename type="first">Martine</forename>
                    <surname>Peeters</surname>
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                <title level="j">Open Forum Infectious Diseases</title>
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                  <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">6</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">12</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">ofz482</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2019-11-08</date>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Ebola</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Ebola</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Guinea</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">semen</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">breast milk</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">body fluids</term>
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              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.mhep.mi">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.mp.vir">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.spee">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie</classCode>
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              <p>Background: With the increasing frequency and impact of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks illustrated by recent epidemics, a good understanding of the extent of viral persistance or ribonucleic acid (RNA) detection in body fluids from survivors is urgently needed.Methods: Ebola viral RNA shedding was studied with molecular assays in semen (n = 1368), urine (n = 1875), cervicovaginal fluid (n = 549), saliva (n = 900), breast milk (n = 168), and feces (n = 558) from EVD survivors in Guinea (PostEbogui cohort, n = 802) at a regular base period until 40 months after inclusion.Results: Twenty-seven of 277 (9.8%) male survivors tested positive for Ebola RNA in at least 1 semen sample. The probability of remaining positive for Ebola RNA in semen was estimated at 93.02% and 60.12% after 3 and 6 months. Viral RNA in semen was more frequent in patients with eye pain (P = .036), joint pain (P = .047), and higher antibody levels to Ebola virus antigens (nucleoprotein [P = .001], glycoprotein [P = .05], and viral protein-40 [P = .05]). Ebola RNA was only rarely detected in the following body fluids from EVD survivors: saliva (1 of 454), urine (2 of 593), breast milk (2 of 168), cervicovaginal secretions (0 of 273), and feces (0 of 330). Ribonucleic acid was detected in breast milk 1 month after delivery but 500 days after discharge of Ebola treatment unit (ETU) in 1 woman who became pregnant 7 months after discharge from the ETU.Conclusions: The frequency and potential long-term presence of viral RNA in semen confirmed that systematic prevention measures in male survivors are required. Our observation in breast milk suggests that our knowledge on viral reservoir in immune-privileged sites and its impact are still incomplete.</p>
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              <org type="consortium">We thank the PostEbogui team for their daily work, all of the survivors, the Guinean survivors’ associations for their help in identifying and tracing survivors, the laboratory staff of Institut National de Santé Publique and Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie (CERFIG) (Moriba Povogui, Jean-louis Monemou, Joel Ballè Koivogui, Abdoul Karim Soumah, Amara Bamba, and Saran Doumbouya), the laboratory facility from Macenta (Guillain Mikaty), and European West African Mobile Laboratory (Brunel Joanna, Belarbi Essia, Martinez Prudencio, Pannetier Delphine, Picard Caroline, Escudero Beatriz, Mengardi Chloe, Nguyen Xuan-Nhi, Tracqui Elodie, Hamied Lola, Olausson Mikaela, Verner-Carlsson Jenny, Godard Sabine, Moroso Marie, Thomas Damien, Ottmann Michele, Bernard Sandra, Yonga Wansi Gide Martial, Sylla Yahaya, Bocquin Anne, Sautter Carmen-Alexandra, Rittaud Adeline, Carbonnelle Caroline, Mundweiler Stephanie, Calland Noemie, Chevillard Eve, and Juven Fabienne).</org>
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          <idno type="anr">ANR-16-IDEX-0006</idno>
          <orgName>MUSE</orgName>
          <desc>MUSE</desc>
          <date type="start">2016</date>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>