On 25th September 2015, the Draft Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mankind was presented to the French President François Hollande by the former Minister of Environment Mrs. Corinne Lepage and her team. What is the contribution of this Declaration? What is meant by Rights of Mankind? Are these new rights useful? This article aims to answer these questions by defining the rights of mankind, distinguishing them from human rights and putting them into perspective together with the duties towards mankind. This essay also deals with the institutional implications of this Declaration: Should mankind be represented by some sort of entity or body in order for it to exercise these rights? Who is entitled to speak on behalf of mankind ?