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            <title xml:lang="en">MULTI-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LOW-COST Z-PINNED COMPOSITE JUNCTIONS. PART 1 : SINGLE Z-PIN BEHAVIOR</title>
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                <forename type="first">Javier</forename>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing&lt;/i&gt;, 2011, 42 (12), pp.2070-2081. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.09.017"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.09.017&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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                <term xml:lang="en">E. Joints/joining</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">A. 3-Dimensional reinforcement</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">B. Stress transfer</term>
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              <p>In the framework of the E-U program ALCAS (Advanced Low-Cost Aircraft Structure), a new Z-pinning technique was developed by EADS Innovation Works. This technology was used to manufacture low-cost Z-pinned junction demonstrators (L and T shaped specimens) typical of aeronautical structures. In order to understand load transfer mechanisms in this kind of assembly, a multi-level analysis was performed. In the first part of this study, tension and shear pin behaviour was investigated as well as pin pull-out from neat resin or laminate. An analytical model was proposed to predict the maximum load capability of a single pin for an insertion depth of less than 8 mm which correspond to the usual technology. Now, in this second part, we demonstrate that the behaviour of the junction under pull-out, shear and unfolding is globally homothetic to the mechanical behaviour of a pin. This study provides the basis for a pre-sizing methodology for Z-pinned junctions under complex loading.</p>
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