Large birds travel farther in homogeneous environments
2 Department of Biological Sciences [Germany]
3 Society for the Protection of Prespa
4 Biology Department [North Carolina]
5 Hawk Mountain Sanctuary [Pennsylvania]
6 Reese Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources [North Carolina
7 HawkWatch International [USA]
8 Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology Laboratory [USA]
9 BEES - School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Cork]
10 Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
11 Department of Biology [USA]
12 Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas [Portugal]
13 Phillip Island Nature Parks [Australia]
14 School of Biological Sciences [Australia]
15 Florida Museum of Natural History [Gainesville]
16 College of Science and Engineering [Australia]
17 Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering [Ohio, UISA]
18 Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology
19 BirdLife Denmark [Denmark]
20 Biodiversity Research Institute
21 Raptor View Research Institute
22 Storch Schweiz [Switzerland]
23 Department of Ecology-Conservation Ecology, Faculty of Biology
24 Department of Biology [Kintanz, Germany]
25 Arctic Raptors Project [Canada]
26 Department of Biological Science [Canada]
27 Department of Integrative Biology [Canada]
28 Vertebrates Zoology Research Group [Spain]
29 Environment Science and Solutions SL [Spain]
30 Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology
31 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
32 Caerlaverock Wetland Centre [UK]
33 Movement Ecology Laboratory [ISRAEL]
34 School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute [Ireland]
35 North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
36 FER - Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources [Raleigh]
37 NIOO-KNAW - Netherlands Institute of Ecology
38 International Crane Foundation [USA]
39 LDEO - Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
40 Grupo de Investigación Zoología de Vertebrados, CIBIO
41 Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Terrestrial Vertebrates Group
42 Biology Department [Kansas, USA]
43 Center for Conservation Biology (Virginia USA)
44 HUJ - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
45 FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
46 RSPB - Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
47 Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust [UK]
48 CEBC - Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372
49 Conservation Ecology - Faculty of Biology (Germany]
50 Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology
51 BirdLife Österreich [Austria]
52 Schulz Wildlife Consulting [Germany]
53 ITC - Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
54 DHI [Siège]
55 School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences [Israel]
56 U.S. Geological Survey,
57 Odum School of Ecology - Department of Infectious Diseases [Athens, GA, USA]
58 Departamento de Didáctica General y Didácticas Específicas [Spain]
59 Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment
60 VulPro NP [South Africa]
61 Ornitela
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Résumé
Abstract Aim Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location Global. Time period 2003–2015. Major taxa studied Birds. Methods We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight‐line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. For each individual and time‐scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non‐migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs.