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                <title xml:lang="en">Magnetic NDT for Steel Microstructure Characterisation – Modelling the Effect of Ferrite Grain Size on Magnetic Properties</title>
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              <p>The mechanical properties of steels are controlled by their microstructural parameters, such as grain size, phase balance and precipitates, which are developed during   thermo-mechanical   processing.   It   is   desirable   to   be   able   to   monitor microstructural  changes  during  processing,  allowing  in-situ  feedback  control,  or  to characterize  microstructure  in  steel  products  in  a non-contact  and  non-destructive manner.  Electromagnetic  (EM)  measurements  are  sensitive  to  changes  in  magnetic properties, which, in steels, vary with composition, microstructure and temperature. In order to interpret the EM signal for microstructure analysis, it is important to be able to predict the magnetic properties from the microstructural parameters.&lt;br&gt;In this paper, an extra low carbon steel has been used to generate a single phase microstructure (ferrite) with a range of grain sizes of 14-78 μm. The grain structures were  characterised  by  optical  microscopy  and  EBSD. A  Voronoi  based  algorithm (Multi Level Voronoi), which provides a parametric description of the microstructure, i.e.  the  boundaries,  in  a  grid  format,  is  used  to  generate  2D  and  3D  microstructure models with different grain sizes. Based on these microstructure models, multi scale 2D  and  3D  magnetic  modelling  approaches  were  applied  to  predict  the  magnetic properties.  At  the  micro  scale,  a  3D  micro-magnetic  simulation  code  (EMicroM), which considers a finite volume (1003 μm3 cube blocks) of material at a resolution down  to  the  thickness  of  the  domain  wall  (0.2 μm),  has  been  used  to  derive  the dynamic  magnetic  behaviour  (i.e.  hysteresis  curve).  The  predicted coercive  fieldvalues  have  been  shown  to  decrease  when  the  grain  size  increases, in  line  with experimentalobservations. The modelled hysteresis loop has a similar coercive fieldvalue  with  the  experimental  measured  one,  although  the  slopes  of  the  curves  are different. At the meso level, a 2D finite element modelling approach using COMSOL Multiphysics was used tosimulate the EM response of an area of around 1000×1000μm2.  The  model  predicts  effective  relative  permeability  by  considering  the  ferrite grains and grain boundary regions as constituents with different relative permeability values. The   modelled   results agree   well   with   the   experimentally determined permeability values from EM sensor measurements.</p>
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