An analogue of the quadratic Wasserstein (or Monge-Kantorovich) distance between Borel probability measures on R d has been defined in [F. Golse, C. Mouhot, T. Paul: Commun. Math. Phys. 343 (2015), 165-205] for density operators on L 2 (R d), and used to estimate the convergence rate of various asymptotic theories in the context of quantum mechanics. The present work proves a Kantorovich type duality theorem for this quantum variant of the Monge-Kantorovich or Wasserstein distance, and discusses the structure of optimal quantum couplings. Specifically, we prove that optimal quantum couplings involve a gradient type structure similar to the Brenier transport map (which is the gradient of a convex function), or more generally, to the subdifferential of a l.s.c. convex function as in the Knott-Smith optimality criterion (see Theorem 2.12 in [C. Villani: "Topics in Optimal Transportation", Amer. Math. Soc. 2003].