<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-01895529</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-24T16:20:20+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Transcription and translation of unwritten languages in American linguistics (1950s to 2000s)</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Aimée</forename>
                <surname>Lahaussois</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">298dc006df33cfcb4441ddb6e391b24a</email>
              <email type="domain">linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">aimee-lahaussois</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">21452</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">27028-21452</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-6205</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/235285927</idno>
              <idno type="VIAF">https://viaf.org/viaf/125155767486227762804</idno>
              <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000125372001</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-54205"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Jacqueline</forename>
                <surname>Léon</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">552057a4e443877dbc8acfb2d118a15e</email>
              <email type="domain">univ-paris-diderot.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jleon</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3121</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">2884-3121</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-166X</idno>
              <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000109143671</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/05075114X</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-54205"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Aimée</forename>
                <surname>Lahaussois</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">f57151d445c45adb7a3aaa5fa7b12fd7</email>
              <email type="domain">cnrs.fr</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2018-10-15 12:12:26</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2023-03-24 14:53:08</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2018-10-19 10:28:23</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2015</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2018-10-15</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-01895529v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2018-10-15"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-01895529v1/file/article_trad_LAHAUSSOIS_LEON_preprint.pdf" id="file-1895529-1925534">
                <date notBefore="2018-10-15"/>
              </ref>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="322067">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Aimée</forename>
                  <surname>Lahaussois</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">f57151d445c45adb7a3aaa5fa7b12fd7</email>
                <email type="domain">cnrs.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-01895529</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-01895529</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">lahaussois:hal-01895529</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">Emilie Aussant. &lt;i&gt;La traduction dans l’histoire des idées linguistiques. Représentations et pratiques&lt;/i&gt;, Geuthner, pp.235- 257, 2015, 978-2-7053-3918-0</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">Emilie Aussant. La traduction dans l’histoire des idées linguistiques. Représentations et pratiques, Geuthner, pp.235- 257, 2015, 978-2-7053-3918-0</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://about.hal.science/hal-authorisation-v1/">HAL Authorization<ref corresp="#file-1895529-1925534"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SHS">Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS7" corresp="UNIV-PARIS">Université Denis Diderot - Paris VII</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS3">Université Sorbonne Nouvelle</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="HTL" corresp="UNIV-PARIS3">Laboratoire d'histoire des théories linguistiques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AO-LINGUISTIQUE">Archives ouvertes de la Linguistique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="HIPHISCITECH">Archive ouverte en Histoire etPhilosophie des Sciences et des Techniques</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS">Université Paris Cité</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UP-SOCIETES-HUMANITES">Université Paris Cité - Faculté Sociétés et Humanités</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Transcription and translation of unwritten languages in American linguistics (1950s to 2000s)</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Aimée</forename>
                    <surname>Lahaussois</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">298dc006df33cfcb4441ddb6e391b24a</email>
                  <email type="domain">linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">aimee-lahaussois</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">21452</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">27028-21452</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-6205</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/235285927</idno>
                  <idno type="VIAF">https://viaf.org/viaf/125155767486227762804</idno>
                  <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000125372001</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-54205"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Jacqueline</forename>
                    <surname>Léon</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">552057a4e443877dbc8acfb2d118a15e</email>
                  <email type="domain">univ-paris-diderot.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">jleon</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">3121</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">2884-3121</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-166X</idno>
                  <idno type="ISNI">http://isni.org/isni/0000000109143671</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/05075114X</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-54205"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="isbn">978-2-7053-3918-0</idno>
                <title level="m">La traduction dans l’histoire des idées linguistiques. Représentations et pratiques</title>
                <editor>Emilie Aussant</editor>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Geuthner</publisher>
                  <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">235- 257</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2015</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">American Indian languages</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">unwritten languages</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">transcription</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">translation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">history of linguistics</term>
              </keywords>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.hisphilso">Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="shs.langue">Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="COUV">Book sections</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Introduction Starting in the 1940s American linguists made use of the work of Nida (1946) and Pike (1947) to guide them in their description of unwritten Amerindian languages. Voegelin (1954), however, was the first to establish a formal methodology for the collection, transcription and translation of data, which he called Multiple stage translation and which rendered systematic the relationship between transcription and translation. The transcription method, based on articulatory phonetics, established by the Voegelins (Voegelin &amp; Voegelin 1959) is cited to this day in field manuals (Samarin 1967, Vaux &amp; Cooper 2003). Voegelin's intermediary language, a combination of morphemic glosses and mathematical operations, also designed for computational use, did not however become a standard among linguists. It is only in 1982 that the glossing tier (also known as literal translation or morpheme by morpheme translation) was reworked, with Lehmann proposing a system for the alignment of transcription and glossing tiers, with standardized practices and grammatical gloss abbreviations. The result of Lehmann's proposal, which evolved into the Leipzig Glossing Rules (Bickel et al 2004) and other variations, is still the current standard among field linguists as well as typologists presenting linguistic data. It must be noted, however, that, while the transcription and morphemic levels can be considered to be governed by standards, such systematized practices do not cover the translation level nor the relationship it bears to the glossing tier, resulting in grammatical analysis being interwoven, in many cases, into the translation tier. In this article, we explore various phases of the relationship between transcription and translation in linguistics and typology. In the first part of the article, we describe the processes set up by American structuralists, most notably Voegelin and his students, for the transcription and translation of data on the Amerindian languages they were describing; in the second part, we attempt to trace the Voegelin legacy to the present day, in looking at how a few field manuals present transcription, glossing and translation, and what efforts there are at systematizing data annotation across these three tiers. The questions that arise from the work of descriptive linguists involved in transcription and translation from the 1950s until the present include the following:</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-54205" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">031362494</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">199712643K</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/0546jt497</idno>
          <orgName>HTL - Histoire des Théories Linguistiques - UMR 7597</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">HTL</orgName>
          <date type="end">2019-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Olympe de Gouges, case postale 7034 , 75205 Paris cedex 13</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://htl.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-52995" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-300301" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR7597" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-52995" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">027361837</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 060X </idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03z6jp965</idno>
          <orgName>Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3</orgName>
          <date type="start">1970-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>17, rue de la Sorbonne - 75231 Paris cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.univ-paris3.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300301" status="OLD">
          <idno type="IdRef">027542084</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000121514068</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02n7qrg46</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UPD7</orgName>
          <date type="end">2019-12-31</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>5 rue Thomas-Mann - 75205 Paris cedex 13</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>