El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity
Axel Timmermann
(1, 2)
,
Soon-Il An
(3)
,
Jong-Seong Kug
(4)
,
Fei-Fei Jin
(5)
,
Wenju Cai
(6, 7)
,
Antonietta Capotondi
(8, 9)
,
Kim M. Cobb
(10)
,
Matthieu Lengaigne
(11)
,
Michael J. Mcphaden
(12)
,
Malte Stuecker
(13)
,
Karl Stein
(1, 2)
,
Andrew T. Wittenberg
(14)
,
Kyung-Sook Yun
(1, 2)
,
Tobias Bayr
(15)
,
Han-Ching Chen
(16)
,
Yoshimitsu Chikamoto
(17)
,
Boris Dewitte
(18, 19)
,
Dietmar Dommenget
(20)
,
Pamela Grothe
,
Éric Guilyardi
(11, 21)
,
Yoo-Geun Ham
,
Michiya Hayashi
(5)
,
Sarah Ineson
(22)
,
Daehyun Kang
,
Sunyong Kim
(4)
,
Wonmoo Kim
,
June-Yi Lee
(1, 2)
,
Tim Li
(5)
,
Jing-Jia Luo
(23)
,
Shayne Mcgregor
(20)
,
Yann Planton
(24, 11)
,
Scott Power
,
Harun Rashid
,
Hong-Li Ren
,
Agus Santoso
(25)
,
Ken Takahashi
(26)
,
Alexander Todd
(27)
,
Guomin Wang
,
Guojian Wang
(6)
,
Ruihuang Xie
,
Woo-Hyun Yang
(4)
,
Sang-Wook Yeh
(28)
,
Jinho Yoon
(29, 6)
,
Elke Zeller
(1, 2)
,
Xuebin Zhang
(30)
1
IBS -
Institute of Basic Science
2 PNU - Pusan National University
3 Department of Atmospheric Sciences
4 POSTECH - Pohang University of Science and Technology
5 SOEST - School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
6 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
7 Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
8 ESRL - NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
9 CIRES - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
10 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta]
11 VARCLIM - Océan et variabilité du climat
12 PMEL - NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle]
13 Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle]
14 GFDL - NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
15 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
16 NTU - National Taiwan University [Taiwan]
17 Department of Plants, Soils and Climate
18 CEAZA - Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas
19 LEGOS - Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales
20 School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment
21 NCAS-Climate [Reading]
22 MOHC - Met Office Hadley Centre
23 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
24 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
25 ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science
26 IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú
27 University of Exeter
28 KORDI - Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute
29 GIST - Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
30 CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
2 PNU - Pusan National University
3 Department of Atmospheric Sciences
4 POSTECH - Pohang University of Science and Technology
5 SOEST - School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
6 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
7 Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
8 ESRL - NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory
9 CIRES - Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
10 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta]
11 VARCLIM - Océan et variabilité du climat
12 PMEL - NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle]
13 Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle]
14 GFDL - NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
15 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
16 NTU - National Taiwan University [Taiwan]
17 Department of Plants, Soils and Climate
18 CEAZA - Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas
19 LEGOS - Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales
20 School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment
21 NCAS-Climate [Reading]
22 MOHC - Met Office Hadley Centre
23 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
24 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
25 ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science
26 IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú
27 University of Exeter
28 KORDI - Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute
29 GIST - Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
30 CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Jong-Seong Kug
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 757585
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2251-2579
Wenju Cai
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 759149
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6520-0829
Antonietta Capotondi
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767412
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3594-5472
Matthieu Lengaigne
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 181017
- IdHAL : matthieulengaigne
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0044-036X
- IdRef : 080621686
Michael J. Mcphaden
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767354
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8423-5805
Andrew T. Wittenberg
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781576
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1680-8963
Boris Dewitte
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767305
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3817-8691
- IdRef : 086799932
Pamela Grothe
- Fonction : Auteur
Éric Guilyardi
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 184607
- IdHAL : eric-guilyardi
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2255-8625
- IdRef : 124212891
Yoo-Geun Ham
- Fonction : Auteur
Daehyun Kang
- Fonction : Auteur
Wonmoo Kim
- Fonction : Auteur
Tim Li
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 757586
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8733-4438
Jing-Jia Luo
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 757511
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2181-0638
Shayne Mcgregor
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 769553
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3222-7042
Yann Planton
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 21014
- IdHAL : yann-planton
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9664-8180
- IdRef : 201285347
Scott Power
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 763374
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9596-4368
Harun Rashid
- Fonction : Auteur
Hong-Li Ren
- Fonction : Auteur
Guomin Wang
- Fonction : Auteur
Guojian Wang
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 771487
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8881-7394
Ruihuang Xie
- Fonction : Auteur
Xuebin Zhang
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 764333
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1731-3524
Résumé
El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activities. The alternation of warm El Niño and cold La Niña conditions, referred to as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents the strongest year-to-year fluctuation of the global climate system. Here we provide a synopsis of our current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of this important climate mode and its influence on the Earth system.