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            <title xml:lang="en">Cyber-Physical Security Risk Assessment for Train Control and Monitoring Systems</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Cyber-Physical Security Risk Assessment for Train Control and Monitoring Systems</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">VULNERABILITY</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">TCMS</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">CYBER-PHYSICAL SECURITY</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">RISK ASSESSMENT</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">THREAT</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">ISA/IEC 62443</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ETUDE D'IMPACT</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">COMMUNICATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">AUTOMATISATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">TRANSPORT FERROVIAIRE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">TRAIN</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">SURVEILLANCE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">CONTROLE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">VULNERABILITE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">RISQUE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">EVALUATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">SECURITE</term>
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              <p>Future railway systems should bring convenience to people's lives. In fact, due to the move away from bespoke stand- alone systems to open-platform, standardized equipments and increasing use of networked control and automation systems and connected technologies, the efficiency and the safety of railway services are improving. However, this dependence of automation, control and communication technologies makes railway systems becoming increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks and security threats which affects the overall performance. This paper deals with cybersecurity concerns facing these systems. As such, we analyse characteristics of railway threat landscape. Then, we discuss the direct impacts of the identified potential threats and their consequences on the whole system and we evaluate resulted risks. For space limitation, we choose to present the impact, likelihood and risk analysis for one functionality of the system, namely External Door control (EDC). Some good practices and related techniques for the development of safer, more comfortable, and more secure future railway systems are also discussed.</p>
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