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                <term xml:lang="en">failure patterns</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">numerical modelling</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">three dimensional model</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">maritime pine</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">forest tree</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">root system architecture</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">root anchorage</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">root stress</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">root systems</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">système racinaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">arbre forestier</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">modèle 3D</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">modèle biomécanique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">contrainte</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">stabilité de l'arbre</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ancrage racinaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">pinus pinaster</term>
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              <p>Background and Aims: Root anchorage function is crucial for tree survival as most trees are exposed to recurrent wind throughout their lifespan. Trees exhibit a large variability of root system architecture (RSA) due genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to understand the links between RSA and tree stability.Methods: A 3D biomechanical model was used to simulate tree overturning. To capture the variability of sinker RSA, fourteen virtual root patterns were created from an ensemble average of measured Pinus pinaster root systems. Root virtual patterns and tree-pulling simulations were verified against experimental data.Results: The model predicts realistic tree anchorage strength, root stress, and failure patterns. Only a few root components contribute significantly to anchorage strength. The taproot contributes the most to anchorage rigidity, representing 61 % of the anchorage strength. The windward roots failure drives ultimate anchorage failure, representing 25 % of the anchorage strength. Simulations show that root secondary thickening induces higher anchorage rigidity and increases anchorage strength by 58 %.Conclusions: This innovative approach appears promising for describing tree stability and its acclimation to external constraints.</p>
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