This book compiles and organizes as chapters selected full contributions of the 5th International Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology and Engineering (5ISEBE) held in July 25th-29th, 2016, in the National University of San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina. This book aims at reaching a wide audience including researchers, practitioners, managers, and students who aspire to learn about or to create a deeper scientific foundation as well as technological applications of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology that address creative and feasible solutions to environmental pollution and sustainable development. The 5ISEBE accepted a total of 283 abstracts and 102 articles were selected and edited to be part of this book (Table 1) after a strict peer-reviewing process. These contributions were distributed among 12 subjects, from emerging and promising topics such as Renewable and alternative energies and biorefineries, and Green materials and biomaterials to more traditional, although very important subjects, such as Wastewater treatment.