A large number of countries in the world have implemented policies designed to advance the political representation of women. Sixteen years after the “parity law” was passed in France, the present article evaluates its mixed effects on the process of political professionalisation and on gender relations. Based on several surveys conducted between 2001 and 2016 at different institutional levels, the article traces the genesis of the law and outlines certain French paradoxes concerning gender and political issues. It then provides a quantitative review of the impact of the law in the political field and concludes by showing that dominant professional politicians use gender-equality measures in a way that allows them to preserve masculine power and in-group sociability and to reproduce a conservative gender order.