Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis
Emilie Tisserant
(1)
,
Mathilde Malbreil
(2)
,
Alan Kuo
(3)
,
Annegret Kohler
(1)
,
Aikaterini Symeonidi
(4, 5)
,
Raffaella Balestrini
(6)
,
Philippe Charron
(7)
,
Nina Duensing
(8)
,
Nicolas Frei Dit Frey
(9)
,
Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson
(10)
,
Luz B. Gilbert
(2)
,
Yoshihiro Handa
(11)
,
Joshua R. Herr
(1)
,
Mohamed Hijri
(12)
,
Raman Koul
(13)
,
Masayoshi Kawaguchi
(11)
,
Franziska Krajinski
(8)
,
Peter J. Lammers
(13)
,
Frederic G. Masclaux
(14, 15)
,
Claude Murat
(1)
,
Emmanuelle Morin
(1)
,
Steve Ndikumana
(7)
,
Marco Pagni
(14)
,
Denis Petitpierre
(1)
,
Natalia Requena
(16)
,
Pawel Rosikiewicz
(14)
,
Rohan Riley
(7)
,
Katsuharu Saito
(17)
,
Hélène San Clemente
(2)
,
Harris Shapiro
(3)
,
Diederik van Tuinen
(10)
,
Guillaume Bécard
(18)
,
Paola Bonfante
(6)
,
Uta Paszkowski
(19)
,
Yair Y. Shachar-Hill
(20)
,
Gerald A. Tuskan
(21)
,
J. Peter W. Young
(22)
,
Ian R. Sanders
(14)
,
Bernard Henrissat
(23, 24)
,
Stefan A. Rensing
(4, 5)
,
Igor V. Grigoriev
(3)
,
Nicolas Corradi
(7)
,
Christophe Roux
(18)
,
Francis Martin
(1)
1
IAM -
Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes
2 LRSV - Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales
3 DOE Joint Genome Institute [Walnut Creek]
4 BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signaling Studies [Freiburg]
5 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
6 Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante
7 University of Ottawa [Ottawa]
8 Max Planck Society
9 LRSV-EIPM - LRSV-Evolution des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
10 Agroécologie [Dijon]
11 National Institute for Basic Biology [Okazaki]
12 Institut de la Recherche en Biologie Végétale Departement de sciences biologiques
13 New Mexico State University
14 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
15 SIB - Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne]
16 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology = Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
17 Shinshu University [Nagano]
18 LRSV-IMRR - LRSV-Interactions Microbiennes dans la Rhizosphère et les Racines
19 CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]
20 Michigan State University [East Lansing]
21 ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
22 University of York [York, UK]
23 AFMB - Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques
24 UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet
2 LRSV - Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales
3 DOE Joint Genome Institute [Walnut Creek]
4 BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signaling Studies [Freiburg]
5 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
6 Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante
7 University of Ottawa [Ottawa]
8 Max Planck Society
9 LRSV-EIPM - LRSV-Evolution des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
10 Agroécologie [Dijon]
11 National Institute for Basic Biology [Okazaki]
12 Institut de la Recherche en Biologie Végétale Departement de sciences biologiques
13 New Mexico State University
14 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
15 SIB - Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics [Lausanne]
16 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology = Karlsruher Institut für Technologie
17 Shinshu University [Nagano]
18 LRSV-IMRR - LRSV-Interactions Microbiennes dans la Rhizosphère et les Racines
19 CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]
20 Michigan State University [East Lansing]
21 ORNL - Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge]
22 University of York [York, UK]
23 AFMB - Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques
24 UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet
Emilie Tisserant
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 770121
- IdRef : 159351952
Alan Kuo
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 770173
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3514-3530
Annegret Kohler
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 741288
- IdHAL : annegret-kohler
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9575-9567
- IdRef : 161080588
Philippe Charron
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 766599
- IdHAL : philippe-charron
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1782-1118
- IdRef : 123379458
Nicolas Frei Dit Frey
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 820448
- IdHAL : nicolas-frei-dit-frey
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4506-5903
- IdRef : 144895811
Mohamed Hijri
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 743120
- IdHAL : mohamed-hijri
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6112-8372
- IdRef : 193870576
Claude Murat
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 740263
- IdHAL : claudemurat
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0685-7307
- IdRef : 084060603
Emmanuelle Morin
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 184935
- IdHAL : eamorin
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7268-972X
Hélène San Clemente
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 809369
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1864-6577
Diederik van Tuinen
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1136741
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1723-3164
- IdRef : 103526595
Bernard Henrissat
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 833340
Stefan A. Rensing
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1015153
Nicolas Corradi
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 772449
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7932-7932
Christophe Roux
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1032926
Francis Martin
Connectez-vous pour contacter l'auteur
- Function : Correspondent author
- PersonId : 1203753
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4737-3715
- IdRef : 059918268
Connectez-vous pour contacter l'auteur
Abstract
The mutualistic symbiosis involving Glomeromycota, a distinctive phylum of early diverging Fungi, is widely hypothesized to have promoted the evolution of land plants during the middle Paleozoic. These arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform vital functions in the phosphorus cycle that are fundamental to sustainable crop plant productivity. The unusual biological features of AMF have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. The coenocytic hyphae host a community of hundreds of nuclei and reproduce clonally through large multinucleated spores. It has been suggested that the AMF maintain a stable assemblage of several different genomes during the life cycle, but this genomic organization has been questioned. Here we introduce the 153-Mb haploid genome of Rhizophagus irregularis and its repertoire of 28,232 genes. The observed low level of genome polymorphism (0.43 SNP per kb) is not consistent with the occurrence of multiple, highly diverged genomes. The expansion of mating-related genes suggests the existence of cryptic sex-related processes. A comparison of gene categories confirms that R. irregularis is close to the Mucoromycotina. The AMF obligate biotrophy is not explained by genome erosion or any related loss of metabolic complexity in central metabolism, but is marked by a lack of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and of genes involved in toxin and thiamine synthesis. A battery of mycorrhiza-induced secreted proteins is expressed in symbiotic tissues. The present comprehensive repertoire of R. irregularis genes provides a basis for future research on symbiosis-related mechanisms in Glomeromycota.