Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice
Philipp Assmy
(1)
,
Mar Fernández-Méndez
(1)
,
Pedro Duarte
(1)
,
Amelie Meyer
(1)
,
Achim Randelhoff
(1, 2)
,
Christopher J. Mundy
(3)
,
Lasse M. Olsen
(1)
,
Hanna M. Kauko
(1)
,
Allison Bailey
(1)
,
Melissa Chierici
(4)
,
Lana Cohen
(1)
,
Anthony P. Doulgeris
(2)
,
Jens K. Ehn
(3)
,
Agneta Fransson
(1)
,
Sebastian Gerland
(1)
,
Haakon Hop
(1, 2)
,
Stephen R. Hudson
(1)
,
Nick Hughes
(5)
,
Polona Itkin
(1)
,
Geir Johnsen
(6, 7)
,
Jennifer A. King
(1)
,
Boris P. Koch
(8)
,
Zoé Koenig
(9)
,
Slawomir Kwasniewski
(10)
,
Samuel R. Laney
(11)
,
Marcel Nicolaus
(12)
,
Alexey K. Pavlov
(13, 1)
,
Christopher M. Polashenski
(14)
,
Christine Provost
(9)
,
Anja Rösel
(1)
,
Marthe Sandbu
(15)
,
Gunnar Spreen
(1, 16)
,
Lars H. Smedsrud
(17)
,
Arild Sundfjord
(1)
,
Torbjørn Taskjelle
(18)
,
Agnieszka Tatarek
(10)
,
Jozef Wiktor
(10)
,
Penelope M. Wagner
(5)
,
Anette Wold
(1)
,
Harald Steen
(1)
,
Mats A. Granskog
(1)
1
Norwegian Polar Institute
2 UiT - The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway]
3 Centre for Earth Observation Science [Winnipeg]
4 IMR - Institute of Marine Research [Bergen]
5 MET - Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo]
6 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim]
7 UNIS - The University Centre in Svalbard
8 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
9 ABC - Austral, Boréal et Carbone
10 PAN - Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences = Académie polonaise des sciences
11 WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
12 AWI - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
13 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
14 CRREL - ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
15 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
16 IUP - Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen]
17 GFI / BiU - Geophysical Institute [Bergen]
18 UiB - Department of Physics and Technology [Bergen]
2 UiT - The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway]
3 Centre for Earth Observation Science [Winnipeg]
4 IMR - Institute of Marine Research [Bergen]
5 MET - Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo]
6 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim]
7 UNIS - The University Centre in Svalbard
8 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
9 ABC - Austral, Boréal et Carbone
10 PAN - Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences = Académie polonaise des sciences
11 WHOI - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
12 AWI - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
13 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
14 CRREL - ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
15 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
16 IUP - Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen]
17 GFI / BiU - Geophysical Institute [Bergen]
18 UiB - Department of Physics and Technology [Bergen]
Amelie Meyer
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1148344
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0447-795X
Achim Randelhoff
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781788
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7947-9090
Sebastian Gerland
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781789
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2295-9867
Polona Itkin
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781590
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4029-1936
Zoé Koenig
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 775771
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7203-3827
Marcel Nicolaus
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781443
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0903-1746
Christine Provost
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 757534
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4693-3685
- IdRef : 092584446
Gunnar Spreen
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 781791
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0165-8448
Arild Sundfjord
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1148345
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6913-3368
Résumé
The Arctic icescape is rapidly transforming from a thicker multiyear ice cover to a thinner and largely seasonal first-year ice cover with significant consequences for Arctic primary production. One critical challenge is to understand how productivity will change within the next decades. Recent studies have reported extensive phytoplankton blooms beneath ponded sea ice during summer, indicating that satellite-based Arctic annual primary production estimates may be significantly underestimated. Here we present a unique time-series of a phytoplankton spring bloom observed beneath snow-covered Arctic pack ice. The bloom, dominated by the haptophyte algae Phaeocystis pouchetii, caused near depletion of the surface nitrate inventory and a decline in dissolved inorganic carbon by 16 ± 6 g C m−2. Ocean circulation characteristics in the area indicated that the bloom developed in situ despite the snow-covered sea ice. Leads in the dynamic ice cover provided added sunlight necessary to initiate and sustain the bloom. Phytoplankton blooms beneath snow-covered ice might become more common and widespread in the future Arctic Ocean with frequent lead formation due to thinner and more dynamic sea ice despite projected increases in high-Arctic snowfall. This could alter productivity, marine food webs and carbon sequestration in the Arctic Ocean. Annual phytoplankton net primary production in the Arctic Ocean has increased by 30% since the late 1990's mainly due to the declining sea ice extent and an increasing phytoplankton growth season 1. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the future change in Arctic Ocean primary productivity largely attributed to the
Domaines
Géophysique [physics.geo-ph]
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