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                <term xml:lang="en"> Asexual queen succession</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> Reproductive system</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> Social insects</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> Divergence times</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> Continental vicariance</term>
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              <p>Termites of the genus Reticulitermes are ecologically and economically important wood-feeding socialinsects that are widespread in the Holarctic region. Despite their importance, no study has yet attemptedto reconstruct a global time-scaled phylogeny of Reticulitermes termites. In this study, we sequencedmitochondrial (2096 bp) and nuclear (829 bp) loci from 61 Reticulitermes specimens, collected acrossthe genus’ entire range, and one specimen of Coptotermes formosanus, which served as an outgroup.Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses conducted on the mitochondrial and nuclear sequencessupport the existence of four main lineages that span four global geographical regions: North America(NA lineage), western Europe (WE lineage), a region including eastern Europe and western Asia(EA +WA lineage), and eastern Asia (EA lineage). The mitochondrial data allowed us to clarify the phylogeneticrelationships among these lineages. They were also used to infer a chronogram that was timescaled based on age estimates for termite fossils (including the oldest Reticulitermes fossils, which dateback to the late Eocene–early Oligocene). Our results support the hypothesis that the extantReticulitermes lineage first differentiated in North America. The first divergence event in the ancestral lineageof Reticulitermes occurred in the early Miocene and separated the Nearctic lineages (i.e., the NA lineages)from the Palearctic lineages (i.e., WE, EE + WA, and EA lineages). Our analyses revealed that themain lineages of Reticulitermes diversified because of vicariance and migration events, which were probablyinduced by major paleogeographic and paleoclimatic changes that occurred during the Cenozoic era.This is the first global and comprehensive phylogenetic study of Reticulitermes termites, and it provides acrucial foundation for studying the evolution of phenotypic and life-history traits in Reticulitermes. Forinstance, the phylogeny we obtained suggested that ‘asexual queen succession’, a unique reproductivesystem, independently evolved at least three times during the diversification of the genus.</p>
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