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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Atti del Convegno ASITA (Associazioni Scientifiche per le Informazioni Territoriali e Ambientali), Lecco, Italia, 29-30/9-1/10/2015, ISBN 978-88-041232-2-7. &lt;/i&gt;, ASITA, Sep 2015, Lecco, Italy. pp.501-508</idno>
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            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-LYON1">Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">First steps towards geographic rule modeling</title>
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              <p>ABSTRACTGeographic knowledge has always proved its value as an instrument underlying reasoning in order to define effective solutions for the management of territories . In many domains, such as urban and environmental planning, it is essential to start processes of analysis and reasoning based on geographic knowledge and then on geolocation, in its broadest sense. In this context, in addition to facts and spatial relationships, knowledge portfolios include geolocalized rules. Statements like "In England,one drives left", "In Canada the majority of the population lives along the border with the United States" or even "The more to North, the colder," recalls that specific rules contain an explicit reference to the space which becomes a fundamental parameter.The nature of these rules is very wide and there are several categories through which one can classify them: (i) the rules of physical geography (e.g. climatogy, floods, volcanic eruptions, diffusion mechanisms, hydrology, etc.), (ii) the rules of human and economic geography (demography, sociology, economics, transport) and (iii) the legal rules (constitutions, laws on urban and environmental planning, the, etc).These rules, sometimes metarules,can come from experts, from spatial data mining algorithms, from documents, from crowdsourcing. However due to their heterogeneity, modeling them through natural languages is a complex task. In fact, the traditional IF-THEN form does not seem totally adapted to shape and manage space geometry and topology. The aim of this work is therefore to introduce some specifications regardingthis set of rule s and propose a model to encode geolocated rules. On the whole, bearing in mind that there may be exceptions, exemptions and offenders, i.e., places where the validity of these rules is no longer guaranteed.</p>
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              <p>RIASSUNTO La conoscenza geografica ha da sempre dimostrato la sua validità come strumento alla base di ragionamenti atti a definire soluzioni efficaci per il territorio. In molti domini infatti, come la pianificazione urbanistica e ambientale, è essenziale avviare processi di analisi e di ragionamento basati sulla conoscenza geografica e quindi sulla geolocalizzazione, nel suo significato più ampio. In questo contesto infatti, oltre ai fatti e alle relazioni spaziali, i portfoli di conoscenze includono le regole geolocalizzate. Affermazioni del tipo "In Inghilterra si guida a sinistra", "In Canada la maggioranza della popolazione vive lungo il confine con gli Stati Uniti" o ancora "Più si procede verso Nord, più fa freddo", richiamano delle regole specifiche contenenti un riferimento esplicito allo spazio che ne diviene quindi un parametro fondamentale. La natura di queste regole è ampia ed esistono diverse categorie attraverso le quali è possibile classificarle: (i) le regole di geografia fisica (es. climatogia, inondazioni, eruzioni vulcaniche, meccanismi di diffusione, idrologia, ecc.), (ii) le regole di geografia umana ed economica (demografia, sociologia, trasporti, economia) e (iii) le regole legali (costituzioni, leggi sull'urbanistica, l'ambiente, ecc). Queste regole, talvolta metaregole, possono provenire da esperti, da algoritmi di data mining spaziale, da documenti, dal crowdsourcing. Data la loro eterogeneità tuttavia, la loro modellazione attraverso i linguaggi naturali risulta un'attività complessa. Di fatto, la tradizionale forma IF-THEN non sembra totalmente adattata a modellare la geometria e la topologia dello spazio geografico. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è quindi presentare una classificazione specifica di questo insieme di regole e proporre un modello per codificare le regole geolocalizzate. Il tutto, tenendo presente che possono esistere deroghe, esenzioni e trasgressori, ossia luoghi e circostanze in cui la validità di tali regole geolocalizzate non è più garantita. ABSTRACT Geographic knowledge has always proved its value as an instrument underlying reasoning in order to define effective solutions for the management of territories. In many domains, such as urban and environmental planning, it is essential to start processes of analysis and reasoning based on geographic knowledge and then on geolocation, in its broadest sense. In this context, in addition to facts and spatial relationships, knowledge portfolios include geolocalized rules. Statements like "In England, one drives left", "In Canada the majority of the population lives along the border with the United States" or even "The more to North, the colder," recalls that specific rules contain an explicit reference to the space which becomes a fundamental parameter. The nature of these rules is very wide and there are several categories through which one can classify them: (i) the rules of physical geography (e.g. climatogy, floods, volcanic eruptions, diffusion mechanisms, hydrology, etc.), (ii) the rules of human and economic geography (demography, sociology, economics, transport) and (iii) the legal rules (constitutions, laws on urban and environmental planning, the, etc).</p>
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