This final report of JRA4 builds on the earlier works defining regulation and governance of the Internet (D4.1, 2012) and conceptual modelling of regulation using a software engineering approach (D4.2, 2013) in order to provide a concluding analysis both integrating those works and bringing fresh insight from the case studies and other research projects of the JRA4 authors in the period 2012 - 14. It proceeds as follows. In Chapter 1, we summarise the five case studies presented in their updated and expanded form as an Annex to this report: 1. Internet addressing infrastructure: ICANN and the DNS (Prof. Bygrave, Oslo) 2. Governance of open data licensing projects: Creative Commons (Dr Morando , NEXA Turin ) 3. Open Hardware Standards: Open Hardware Licenses (Dr Powell, LSE) 4. Net neutrality legislation: the case of Slovenia (Prof. Turk, Ljubljana ). 5. Inter - domain: a far west to regulate (Prof. Salamatian, Savoie). To these five studies, there is the addition of a substantial study on International Organisations (IOs) and new actors in Internet governance, led by Dr Marzouki. Note that as there are no enforcement or outcome categories to this study, it focuses on the research need s and conclusions drawn from the study of non - traditional actors. In Chapter 2, Prof. Marsden and Ben Zevenbergen conduct case study analysis to assess the relationship of case studies to our EDEK O framework explained in D4.1. Professor Turk in Chapter 3 introduces the concept of algorithmic regulation and how it differs from the conceptual modelling of regulation - related processes. He applies the regulation process model described in D4.2 to the case studies. This verifies the model and exposes some deficiencies. Drs Marzouki and Powell in Chapter 4 explain the role of n e w actors in Internet governance, focusing on intergovernmental organizations. These actors are reshaping their own identity, moving from part of government sector to a stakeholder in its elf, from periphery to core of Internet governance, crafting their roles vi a issue/policy entrepreneurship. Their conclusion s and suggestions for further research encompass the following new actors: Civil Society; Citizens; Technical Community; Technical artefacts. Dr Cave in Chapter 5 explores cross - cutting governance issues, beginning with the governance of, on and by the Internet. He then explores cross - cutting governance domains, governance z ones and instruments. His exploration draws on much economics and complexity science literature in exploring governance organisation s; participation and incentives. In examining t he formation of well - regulate d systems and new failure modes, he takes examples from EC legislation recently enacted in the field of label ling to demonstrate the application of these lessons. Our jointly written concluding chapter explores the future challenges in inter - disciplinary analysis of regulation and governance, in regulatory models and impact assessment, and in governance models for funding basic Internet research.