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            <title xml:lang="en">Preliminary 3D Modelling of Structural behaviour of Face Bolting and Umbrella Arch in Tunneling</title>
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              <p>Umbrella arch and face bolting are two reinforcement technics used in tunnelling (NATM conventional tunnelling), especiallyfor low-depth tunnels (H/D=1 to 5) in poorly consolidated soils. The arch is built by setting pipes around the contour line of thetunnel face prior to excavation, while bolting consists in setting and sealing long berglass or metallic rods at the tunnel face.The bolts provide improved mechanical properties to the ground that is to be excavated and they are gradually destroyed asthe excavation progresses, whereas the arch brings stability to the whole face area and is left as a permanent reinforcement.In this context, 3D modelling of these tunnels and their reinforcement is essential to predict surface settlements and animportant tool to validate appropriate tunnel designs.</p>
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