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              <p>Intensification of agriculture since 1950 has globally led to the decline of grain legume crops, which currently represent less than 3 % of arable crops in France and Europe. Nevertheless, legumes haveseveral major assets (i) as plant proteins for animal feed and human food and (ii) as plants fixing atmospheric N2 and thereby saving nitrogen inputs in cropping systems, and (iii) as diversification crops.The analysis of forage and grain legume producing systems in France showed that the dominant system results in a lock-in of the different factors limiting legume insertion into the current systems. But legumes could have a major role to play in the agroecological transition towards more sustainable agricultural, food and energy systems. The multi-level perspective in the theory of transitions helped usto identify ways of unlocking legume production. Four groups of research questions were thus identified: (i) analysing the lock-ins in the current systems and identifying ways of moving towards systems thatinclude more legumes (ii) identifying new and more diversified outlets for legumes in a sustainable food chain, (iii) assessing and improving the ecosystem services provided by legumes at cropping systemand territory scales and (iv) optimising legume crop management in a global agroecological approach.</p>
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            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>L'intensification agricole amorcée depuis les années 1950 a globalement conduit au déclin des cultures légumineuses, qui représentent aujourd'hui moins de 3 % des grandes culture françaises et européennes. Pourtant, les légumineuses présentent plusieurs atouts : (i) en tant que source de protéines végétales pour l'alimentation humaine ou animale et (ii) en tant que plantes fixatrices de l'azote de l'air, économes en intrants azotés, et (iii) en tant que cultures de diversification dans les systèmes de culture. Une analyse des systèmes de production des légumineuses à graines et fourragères en France montre que les différents facteurs freinant l'insertion de ces cultures relèvent d'un processus de " verrouillage " du régime socio-technique agricole dominant. Pourtant les légumineuses pourraient jouer un rôle majeur dans la transition agroécologique vers des systèmes agricoles, alimentaires et énergétiques plus durables. Une approche économique mobilisant l'approche multi-niveaux de la théorie des transitions a permis d'identifier des voies de déverrouillage de la production de légumineuses. A la lumière de cette analyse, quatre grands groupes de questions de recherche ont été identifiés, concernant (i) l'analyse des verrouillages et l'identification des leviers de transition vers des systèmes intégrant plus de légumineuses (ii) l'identification de débouchés nouveaux et diversifiés pour les légumineuses dans une chaine alimentaire durable, (iii) l'évaluation et l'amélioration des services écosystémiques rendus par les légumineuses à l'échelle des systèmes de culture et des territoires, et (iv) l'optimisation de la conduite des cultures de légumineuses dans une démarche globale d'intensification écologique.</p>
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