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            <title xml:lang="en">The choice of emission indicators in environmental policy design: an analysis of GHG abatement in different dairy farms based on a bio-economic model approach</title>
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                <forename type="first">Bernd</forename>
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                <title xml:lang="en">The choice of emission indicators in environmental policy design: an analysis of GHG abatement in different dairy farms based on a bio-economic model approach</title>
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                <title level="j">Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement - Review of agricultural and environmental studies</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">greenhouse gas emissions</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">dynamic mixed integer programming</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">emission indicators</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">marginal abatement costs</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">indicateurs d'émission</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">programmation mixte linéaire dynamique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">émissions de gaz à effet de serre</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">coûts marginaux de réduction</term>
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              <classCode scheme="jel" n="Q.Q1.Q12">Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="jel" n="Q.Q5.Q52">Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects</classCode>
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              <p>The application of economic instruments to GHG emissions from dairy farms needs to rely on GHG indicators as actual emissions are impossible or extremely costly to measure. The choice of indicator impacts chosen abatement options, related costs and GHG actually emitted. A tool to quantify these relations is proposed which at its core consists of a highly detailed, mixed-integer dynamic programming model template able to cover a wide range of dairy farm characteristics and promising indicators. It allows deriving and comparing marginal abatement costs of GHGs emission for different farm types and indicators, informing the policy process about promising indicators, abatement strategies and related abatement and measurement costs.</p>
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              <p>Pour évaluer les impacts de l'application d'instruments économiques destinés à réduire les émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GHG) des exploitations laitières, il s'avère nécessaire d'utiliser des indicateurs, étant donné que la mesure directe des émissions est impossible ou très coûteuse. Le choix des indicateurs peut orienter les options de réduction choisies par les fermiers, leurs coûts et les niveaux d'émission de GHG. Pour quantifier ces relations, l'article propose un modèle de programmation mathématique mixte linéaire dynamique capable de représenter différents types d'exploitation laitière et de simuler les impacts de mesures destinées à diminuer les émissions de GHG. Il permet de comparer les coûts marginaux de réduction des émissions entre les différents types d'exploitation et d'indicateurs et de donner des informations permettant de choisir les meilleurs indicateurs ainsi que les stratégies les plus adaptées.</p>
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