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                <title level="j">Genetics Selection Evolution</title>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">genetic diversity</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">molecular marker</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">pig</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">European breed&lt;br&gt;---&lt;br&gt;diversité génétique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">marqueur moléculaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">conservation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">porc</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">race européenne</term>
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              <p>A set of eleven pig breeds originating from six European countries, and including a small sample of wild pigs, was chosen for this study of genetic diversity. Diversity was evaluated on the basis of 18 microsatellite markers typed over a total of 483 DNA samples collected. Average breed heterozygosity varied from 0.35 to 0.60. Genotypic frequencies generally agreed with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, apart from the German Landrace and Schwäbisch-Hällisches breeds, which showed significantly reduced heterozygosity. Breed differentiation was significant as shown by the high among-breed fixation index (overall $F_{\rm ST} = 0.27$), and confirmed by the clustering based on the genetic distances between individuals, which grouped essentially all individuals in 11 clusters corresponding to the 11 breeds. The genetic distances between breeds were first used to construct phylogenetic trees. The trees indicated that a genetic drift model might explain the divergence of the two German breeds, but no reliable phylogeny could be inferred among the remaining breeds. The same distances were also used to measure the global diversity of the set of breeds considered, and to evaluate the marginal loss of diversity attached to each breed. In that respect, the French Basque breed appeared to be the most "unique" in the set considered. This study, which remains to be extended to a larger set of European breeds, indicates that using genetic distances between breeds of farm animals in a classical taxonomic approach may not give clear resolution, but points to their usefulness in a prospective evaluation of diversity.</p>
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            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>Diversité génétique de onze races porcines européennes. Un ensemble de onze races porcines en provenance de six pays européens, et incluant un petit échantillon de sangliers, a été choisi pour une étude de diversité génétique. Cette diversité a été évaluée sur la base de 18 marqueurs microsatellites typés sur un total de 483 échantillons d'ADN. Les races étudiées manifestent un taux d'hétérozygotie allant de 0,35 à 0,60. Les locus sont en équililibre de Hardy-Weinberg à l'exception du cas des races allemandes Landrace et Schwäbisch-Hällisches, qui manifestent un déficit d'hétérozygotes. L'indice de différenciation entre races est élevé ($F_{\rm ST}$ global de 0,27) et les distances génétiques entre individus permettent de les regrouper pratiquement en 11 ensembles distincts, correspondant aux 11 races considérées. Les distances génétiques entre races ont d'abord été utilisées pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques. Ces arbres suggèrent qu'un modèle de dérive génétique pourrait expliquer la divergence des deux races allemandes, mais aucune phylogénie fiable n'a pu être établie entre les races restantes. Les mêmes distances ont ensuite été utilisées pour mesurer la diversité génétique globale de l'ensemble et évaluer la perte marginale de diversité associée à chacune des races étudiées. De ce point de vue, la race française Basque apparaît comme la plus originale dans l'ensemble considéré. Cette étude, qui reste à étendre à un plus grand nombre de races européennes, indique que l'utilisation des distances entre races animales domestiques dans une approche taxonomique classique risque d'avoir un faible pouvoir de résolution, mais elle souligne l'intérêt de les utiliser plutôt pour des évaluations prospectives de diversité.</p>
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