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            <title xml:lang="en">Diagnosis of the productivity gap using a crop model. Methodology and case study of small-scale maize production in central Brazil</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Diagnosis of the productivity gap using a crop model. Methodology and case study of small-scale maize production in central Brazil</title>
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                    <surname>Scopel</surname>
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                    <forename type="first">Jose</forename>
                    <surname>Neto</surname>
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                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Alain</forename>
                    <surname>Capillon</surname>
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                <title level="j">Agronomie</title>
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                  <date type="datePub">2003</date>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">yield gap</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">crop model</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">maize</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">diagnosis</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">constraints&lt;br&gt;---&lt;br&gt;étude du rendement</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">diagnostic</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">modèle de culture</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">maïs</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">contraintes</term>
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              <p>Reducing the local gap between potential and actual yields requires first diagnosing its causes. This article proposes a method for this purpose, based on a survey in farmers' fields and on the building and use of an ad hoc crop model. Applied to maize of small-scale farms in central Brazil, and using the STICS model as a starting point, this method allowed the identification of the constraints responsible for the local gap and to assess the specific impact of each constraint and of the main interactions between constraints on yield. STICS was modified in order (i) to improve its water balance module for the tropical context, and (ii) to account for Aluminum toxicity, water excess and competition between crop and weeds for light, water and nitrogen. The main technical weaknesses of the cropping systems were inappropriate sowing dates, N-fertilization and weeding sequences, as well as delays between tillage and sowing, favoring weed growth.</p>
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              <p>Diagnostic du déficit de productivité à l'aide d'un modèle de culture. Méthode et application au cas du maïs chez les petits producteurs du Brésil central. Réduire les écarts locaux entre rendements réels et potentiels impose d'en diagnostiquer d'abord les causes. Cet article propose une méthode pour cela, basée sur une enquête en parcelles de producteurs et sur la construction et l'emploi d'un modèle de culture ad hoc. Appliquée au maïs des petits producteurs du Brésil central, et avec le modèle STICS comme point de départ, cette méthode a permis d'identifier les contraintes responsables des écarts de productivité dans la région, et d'évaluer l'impact spécifique de chaque contrainte et des principales interactions entre contraintes sur le rendement. STICS a été modifié de manière à améliorer son module de bilan hydrique pour le contexte tropical et à prendre en compte la toxicité aluminique, l'excès d'eau et la compétition entre la culture et les mauvaises herbes pour le rayonnement, l'eau et l'azote. Les principales faiblesses des systèmes de culture étaient l'inadaptation des dates de semis, des fertilisations azotées et des calendriers de sarclages, ainsi que des délais entre préparation du sol et semis favorisant la croissance des adventices.</p>
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