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                <title xml:lang="en">Cereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Christian</forename>
                    <surname>Lannou</surname>
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                    <forename type="first">Ueli</forename>
                    <surname>Merz</surname>
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                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Christopher</forename>
                    <surname>Mundt</surname>
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                  <idno type="halauthorid">753396-0</idno>
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                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Lisa</forename>
                    <surname>Munk</surname>
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                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Jadwiga</forename>
                    <surname>Nadziak</surname>
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                  <idno type="halauthorid">753397-0</idno>
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                    <forename type="first">Adrian</forename>
                    <surname>Newton</surname>
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                  <idno type="halauthorid">753383-0</idno>
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                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Claude</forename>
                    <surname>de Vallavieille-Pope</surname>
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                <idno type="eissn">1297-9643</idno>
                <title level="j">Agronomie</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>EDP Sciences</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">20</biblScope>
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              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="fr">functional diversity</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">induced resistance</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">differential adaptation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">yield stability</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">evolutionary plant breeding&lt;br&gt;---&lt;br&gt;diversité fonctionnelle</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">résistance induite</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">adaptation différentielle</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">stabilité du rendement</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">amélioration génétique</term>
              </keywords>
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              <p>Variety mixtures can provide functional diversity that limits pathogen and pest expansion, and that makes use of knowledge about interactions between hosts and their pests and pathogens to direct pathogen evolution. Indeed, one of the most powerful ways both to reduce the risk of resistance break-down and to still make use of defeated resistance genes is to use cereal variety and species mixtures. The most important mechanisms reducing disease in variety and species mixtures are barrier and frequency effects, and induced resistance. Differential adaptation, i.e. adaptation within races to specific host genotypic backgrounds, may prevent the rapid evolution of complex pathotypes in mixtures. Mixtures generally stabilise yields and yield losses due to disease; abiotic stresses are also better buffered than in pure stands. When mixture components are carefully put together, product quality can be enhanced or at least equal that of the pure stands. Mixture use in practice worldwide is reviewed.</p>
            </abstract>
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              <p>Les mélanges de variétés et les mélanges interspécifiques de céréales dans la pratique. Les variétés en mélanges, de par leur diversité génétique, limitent le développement des épidémies et des ravageurs. Cette diversité peut être organisée selon notre connaissance des interactions hôte - agent pathogène pour influer sur l'évolution des populations parasites. La culture de variétés en mélange ou de mélanges interspécifiques est une des méthodes les plus efficaces à la fois pour limiter le risque de contournement des résistances, et pour utiliser avec bénéfice des résistances déjà contournées. Les principaux facteurs de réduction de la sévérité des épidémies dans les mélanges sont les effets de barrière, la proportion de plantes sensibles et la résistance induite. L'adaptation d'isolats de même race au fond génétique d'un hôte, ou adaptation différentielle, pourrait ralentir la sélection de races complexes dans les mélanges. D'une façon générale, les mélanges stabilisent les rendements. Le risque de pertes de rendement dues aux stress biotiques et abiotiques est plus limité dans un mélange que dans une culture pure. Un choix judicieux des composants du mélange peut permettre d'obtenir une qualité du produit de récolte équivalente ou supérieure à celle d'une culture pure. L'utilisation des mélanges au niveau mondial est discuté.</p>
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