The role of hepatocyte apoptosis in the physiopathology of obstructive cholestasis is still controversial. Although some data have strongly suggested that hepatocellular cholestatic injury is due to Fas-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis, some others concluded that necrosis, rather than apoptosis, represents the main type of hepatocyte death in chronic cholestasis. Moreover, it has also been suggested that the reduced liver injury observed in the absence of Fas receptor after bile duct ligation was not due to lower hepatocyte apoptosis but to the indirect role of this receptor in non-hepatocytic cells such as cholangiocytes and inflammatory cells. The aim of this work was therefore to determine whether a protection against cell death limited to hepatocytes could be sufficient to reduce liver injury and delay cholestatic fibrosis. With this purpose, we performed bile duct ligation in transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2 in hepatocytes and in wild-type littermates. We found that, compared with necrosis, apoptosis was negligible in this model. Our results also showed that hepatocyte Bcl-2 expression protected hepatocytes against liver injury only in the early steps of the disease. This protection was correlated with reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation. However, in contrast to Fas receptor-deficient lpr mice, fibrosis progression was not hampered and liver inflammatory response was not reduced by Bcl-2 overexpression. These results therefore comfort the hypothesis that Fas-mediated apoptotic hepatocyte pathway is not a significant contributing factor to the clinical features observed in cholestasis. Moreover, in the absence of a blunted inflammatory response in transgenic mice, Bcl-2 protection against hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation was not sufficient to block fibrosis progression.