Reconstructing Native American population history.
David Reich
(1, 2)
,
Nick Patterson
(1)
,
Desmond Campbell
(3, 4)
,
Arti Tandon
(1, 2)
,
Stéphane Mazières
(5)
,
Nicolas Ray
(6)
,
Maria V Parra
(4)
,
Winston Rojas
(7)
,
Constanza Duque
(8)
,
Natalia Mesa
(8)
,
Luis F García
(8)
,
Omar Triana
(8)
,
Silvia Blair
(8)
,
Amanda Maestre
(9)
,
Juan C Dib
(10)
,
Claudio M Bravi
(11)
,
Graciela Bailliet
(11)
,
Daniel Corach
(12)
,
Tábita Hünemeier
(13)
,
Maria Cátira Bortolini
(13)
,
Francisco M Salzano
(13)
,
María Luiza Petzl-Erler
(14)
,
Victor Acuña-Alonzo
(15)
,
Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
(16)
,
Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
(17, 18)
,
Teresa Tusié-Luna
(16)
,
Laura Riba
(16)
,
Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
(19)
,
Mardia Lopez-Alarcón
(19)
,
Ramón Coral-Vazquez
(20, 21)
,
Thelma Canto-Cetina
(22)
,
Irma Silva-Zolezzi
(23)
,
Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez
(23)
,
Alejandra V Contreras
(23)
,
Gerardo Jimenez-Sanchez
(23)
,
Maria José Gómez-Vázquez
(24)
,
Julio Molina
(25)
,
Ángel Carracedo
(26)
,
Antonio Salas
(27)
,
Carla Gallo
(7)
,
Giovanni Poletti
(7)
,
David B Witonsky
(28)
,
Gorka Alkorta-Aranburu
(28)
,
Rem I Sukernik
(29)
,
Ludmila Osipova
(29)
,
Sardana A Fedorova
(30)
,
René Vasquez
(31)
,
Mercedes Villena
(31)
,
Claudia Moreau
(32)
,
Ramiro Barrantes
(33)
,
David Pauls
(34)
,
Laurent Excoffier
(35)
,
Gabriel Bedoya
(7)
,
Francisco Rothhammer
(36, 37)
,
Jean-Michel Dugoujon
(38)
,
Georges Larrouy
(38)
,
William Klitz
(39)
,
Damian Labuda
(40)
,
Judith Kidd
(41)
,
Kenneth Kidd
(41)
,
Anna Di Rienzo
(28)
,
Nelson B Freimer
(42)
,
Alkes L Price
(4)
,
Andrés Ruiz-Linares
(4)
1
BROAD INSTITUTE -
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
2 Department of Genetics [Boston]
3 Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Genomic Sciences
4 UCL-GEE - Dept of Genetics, Evolution and Environment [London]
5 ADES - Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé
6 EnviroSPACE Laboratory - Forel Institute
7 Laboratorio de Genética Molecular
8 Universidad de Antoquia
9 Grupo Salud y Comunidad
10 Fundacion Salud para el Tropico
11 IMBICE - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular [La Plata]
12 Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas [Buenos Aires]
13 Departamento de Genética
14 UFPR - Universidade Federal do Parana [Curitiba]
15 Molecular Genetics Laboratory
16 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán - National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran [Mexico]
17 Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine
18 Departamento de Biologìa, Facultad de Quìmica
19 IMSS - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social [Mexico City, Mexico]
20 Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Genetica Humana
21 Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politecnico Nacional
22 Laboratorio de Biologıa de la Reproduccion
23 Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica
24 UANL - Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique]
25 Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala
26 Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-Institute of Legal Medicine-CIBERER
27 Pathology Department
28 Department of Human Genetics
29 Institute of Cytology and Genetics
30 Department of Molecular Genetics
31 Instituto Boliviano de Biologıa de la Altura
32 Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine / Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital [Montreal, Canada]
33 Escuela de Biologia
34 Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
35 CMPG
36 Facultad de Medicina & Instituto de Alta Investigacion
37 Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas
38 AMIS - Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse
39 School of Human Evolution and Social Change
40 Département de Pédiatrie
41 YSM - Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut]
42 Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics
2 Department of Genetics [Boston]
3 Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Genomic Sciences
4 UCL-GEE - Dept of Genetics, Evolution and Environment [London]
5 ADES - Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé
6 EnviroSPACE Laboratory - Forel Institute
7 Laboratorio de Genética Molecular
8 Universidad de Antoquia
9 Grupo Salud y Comunidad
10 Fundacion Salud para el Tropico
11 IMBICE - Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular [La Plata]
12 Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas [Buenos Aires]
13 Departamento de Genética
14 UFPR - Universidade Federal do Parana [Curitiba]
15 Molecular Genetics Laboratory
16 Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán - National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran [Mexico]
17 Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine
18 Departamento de Biologìa, Facultad de Quìmica
19 IMSS - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social [Mexico City, Mexico]
20 Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Genetica Humana
21 Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politecnico Nacional
22 Laboratorio de Biologıa de la Reproduccion
23 Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica
24 UANL - Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique]
25 Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Guatemala
26 Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-Institute of Legal Medicine-CIBERER
27 Pathology Department
28 Department of Human Genetics
29 Institute of Cytology and Genetics
30 Department of Molecular Genetics
31 Instituto Boliviano de Biologıa de la Altura
32 Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine / Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital [Montreal, Canada]
33 Escuela de Biologia
34 Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
35 CMPG
36 Facultad de Medicina & Instituto de Alta Investigacion
37 Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas
38 AMIS - Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse
39 School of Human Evolution and Social Change
40 Département de Pédiatrie
41 YSM - Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut]
42 Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics
David Reich
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- PersonId : 929489
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Stéphane Mazières
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 5571
- IdHAL : stephane-mazieres
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1266-4659
- IdRef : 112488900
Nicolas Ray
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- PersonId : 755729
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4696-5313
Laurent Excoffier
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- PersonId : 762149
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7507-6494
- IdRef : 172554993
Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1103000
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8372-1011
Résumé
The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred by means of a single migration or multiple streams of migration from Siberia. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at a higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call 'First American'. However, speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan speakers on both sides of the Panama isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America.
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