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            <title xml:lang="en">ORGANIZING SMALLHOLDER PRODUCTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY LESSONS LEARNED FROM FAIRTRADE CERTIFICATION IN THE TANZANIAN TEA INDUSTRY</title>
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                <forename type="first">Allison M.</forename>
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                <title xml:lang="en">ORGANIZING SMALLHOLDER PRODUCTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY LESSONS LEARNED FROM FAIRTRADE CERTIFICATION IN THE TANZANIAN TEA INDUSTRY</title>
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                  <date type="end">2010-07-01</date>
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                <editor>Emilie COUDEL</editor>
                <editor>Hubert DEVAUTOUR</editor>
                <editor>Christophe-Toussaint SOULARD</editor>
                <editor>Bernard HUBERT</editor>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Standards</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Tea</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Ownership</term>
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              <p>The objective of this paper is to examine the different ways that smallholders are brought into Fairtrade certification schemes in the Tanzanian tea industry. We examine the different ownership relations of processing factories and the percieved benefits of these different arrangements. We are looking to explore the challenges and opportunities provided by each of these different ownership relations and the possibilities for sustainability. Specifically we ask: 1) Which type of ownership arrangement is more likely to engage in Fairtrade certification? 2) Do perceived benefits from Fairtrade certification increase with the percentage of ownership shares? and 3) What aspects of these organizational relations have resulted in more sustainable relationships between growers and processors? We use descriptive qualitative analysis to identify the significance between factory ownership organization and scheme success. This also allows us to discuss participants' perceptions of the benefits of each scheme. We find that there is a movement towards innovation in the organizational strategies for linking growers to tea processing factories in Tanzania. This innovation includes new ownership arrangements of processing factories and outgrower contracts that have been associated with certified Fairtrade production. We also suggest that organizational innovation is significant for obtaining scheme success yet perceived benefits of and increased information about Fairtrade production is independent from ownership shares in processing.</p>
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