Herschel observations of embedded protostellar clusters in the Rosette Molecular Cloud
M. Hennemann
(1)
,
F. Motte
(1, 2)
,
Sylvain Bontemps
(3, 4, 5, 6)
,
N. Schneider
(1)
,
T. Csengeri
(1)
,
Z. Balog
(7)
,
J. Di Francesco
(8)
,
Annie Zavagno
(9, 10)
,
Ph. André
(1)
,
A. Men'Shchikov
(1)
,
A. Abergel
(11)
,
B. Ali
,
J. -P. Baluteau
(9)
,
J. -Ph. Bernard
(12)
,
P. Cox
,
P. Didelon
(1)
,
A. -M. Di Giorgio
,
M. Griffin
(13)
,
P. Hargrave
,
T. Hill
(1)
,
B. Horeau
(14)
,
M. Huang
(15)
,
J. Kirk
(13)
,
S. Leeks
(16)
,
J. Z. Li
(15)
,
A. Marston
,
P. Martin
(17)
,
S. Molinari
(18)
,
Q. Nguyen Luong
,
G. Olofsson
(19)
,
P. Persi
(18)
,
S. Pezzuto
(18)
,
D. Russeil
(9)
,
P. Saraceno
(18)
,
M. Sauvage
(1)
,
B. Sibthorpe
(20)
,
L. Spinoglio
(21)
,
L. Testi
(22)
,
D. Ward-Thompson
(13)
,
G. White
(16)
,
C. Wilson
(23)
,
A. Woodcraft
(20)
1
AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) -
Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation
2 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
3 LAB - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac]
4 OASU - Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers
5 UB - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
6 L3AB - Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux
7 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
8 Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
9 LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
10 OAMP - Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille Provence
11 IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale
12 CESR - Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements
13 School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff]
14 DAP - Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP)
15 NAOC - National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing]
16 RAL - STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
17 CITA
18 IFSI - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario
19 Stockholm University
20 ROE - Royal Observatory Edinburgh
21 ARENA - Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics
22 ESO - European Southern Observatory
23 University of Exeter
2 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
3 LAB - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac]
4 OASU - Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers
5 UB - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
6 L3AB - Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux
7 MPIA - Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
8 Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
9 LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
10 OAMP - Observatoire Astronomique de Marseille Provence
11 IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale
12 CESR - Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements
13 School of Physics and Astronomy [Cardiff]
14 DAP - Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP)
15 NAOC - National Astronomical Observatories [Beijing]
16 RAL - STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
17 CITA
18 IFSI - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario
19 Stockholm University
20 ROE - Royal Observatory Edinburgh
21 ARENA - Antarctic Research a European Network for Astrophysics
22 ESO - European Southern Observatory
23 University of Exeter
F. Motte
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755704
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1649-8002
- IdRef : 166459720
Sylvain Bontemps
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 739941
- IdHAL : sylvain-bontemps
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4093-7178
- IdRef : 15234621X
T. Csengeri
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 741778
- IdHAL : timea-csengeri
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6018-1371
- IdRef : 152346317
Annie Zavagno
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 175663
- IdHAL : annie-zavagno
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9509-7316
B. Ali
- Function : Author
P. Cox
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 748983
- IdHAL : cox-pierre
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2027-8221
- IdRef : 114136726
A. -M. Di Giorgio
- Function : Author
P. Hargrave
- Function : Author
A. Marston
- Function : Author
S. Molinari
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 761077
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9826-7525
Q. Nguyen Luong
- Function : Author
S. Pezzuto
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 760533
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7852-1971
Abstract
The Herschel OB young stellar objects survey (HOBYS) has observed the Rosette molecular cloud, providing an unprecedented view of its star formation activity. These new far-infrared data reveal a population of compact young stellar objects whose physical properties we aim to characterise. We compiled a sample of protostars and their spectral energy distributions that covers the near-infrared to submillimetre wavelength range. These were used to constrain key properties in the protostellar evolution, bolometric luminosity, and envelope mass and to build an evolutionary diagram. Several clusters are distinguished including the cloud centre, the embedded clusters in the vicinity of luminous infrared sources, and the interaction region. The analysed protostellar population in Rosette ranges from 0.1 to about 15 Msun with luminosities between 1 and 150 Lsun, which extends the evolutionary diagram from low-mass protostars into the high-mass regime. Some sources lack counterparts at near- to mid-infrared wavelengths, indicating extreme youth. The central cluster and the Phelps & Lada 7 cluster appear less evolved than the remainder of the analysed protostellar population. For the central cluster, we find indications that about 25% of the protostars classified as Class I from near- to mid-infrared data are actually candidate Class 0 objects. As a showcase for protostellar evolution, we analysed four protostars of low- to intermediate-mass in a single dense core, and they represent different evolutionary stages from Class 0 to Class I. Their mid- to far-infrared spectral slopes flatten towards the Class I stage, and the 160 to 70um flux ratio is greatest for the presumed Class 0 source. This shows that the Herschel observations characterise the earliest stages of protostellar evolution in detail.