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                <term xml:lang="fr">THEORIE DES VALEURS EXTREMES</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ANALYSE FREQUENTIELLE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">STATISTIQUE BAYESIENNE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ETIAGE</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">CRUE</term>
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              <p>De nombreuses interrogations subsistent aujourd'hui sur l'évolution des extrêmes hydrologiques en France, suite aux effets attendus d'un changement climatique. Nous présentons les résultats d'une analyse menée dans le cadre d'un projet PNRH sur la détection de tendances ou de ruptures dans le régime des crues et des étiages en France. Un jeu de 192 longues séries hydrométriques a été établi, en retenant les stations avec au moins 40 années de mesure et des courbes de tarage réputées bonnes. Un ensemble de tests statistiques a été appliqué sur différentes variables hydrologiques en crue (débit maximum annuel et valeurs supérieures à un seuil, fréquence des évènements) et en étiage (débit minimum annuel, durée et volume d'étiage).Les résultats obtenus pour le régime des crues ne montrent pas de tendance généralisée, ni à la hausse ni à la baisse. L'augmentation significative des dommages dus aux inondations provient en fait d'une augmentation de la vulnérabilité aux inondations, suite à une urbanisation mal maîtrisée. Les changements détectés sur les étiages semblent plus importants et des investigations sont en cours pour apprécier ce qui relève d'influences anthropiques, de problèmes métrologiques et d'influences climatiques.Par ailleurs, un nouveau cadre d'analyse probabiliste Bayesienne a été mis au point pour intégrer la non stationnarité comme une incertitude supplémentaire dans la prédétermination des valeurs extrêmes de référence. / Impact of climate change on hydrological extremes in France is still an open question. Results of a PNRH project about detecting trends or step-changes in the extreme hydrological regimes in France are here presented. A set of 192 hydrological series has been used, with at least 40 years of data and good quality rating curves. Statistical tests were applied on hydrological variables describing high flows (annual maxima, peak-over-threshold discharges and events frequency) and low flows (annual minima, duration and volume of droughts). Concerning high flows, no evidence of a consistent change has been found. The significant increase in the damages induced by floods thus arises from an increase in the vulnerability, caused by an unreasonable urbanization. Trends in annual minima may be stronger, but additional studies are needed in order to differentiate anthropogenic, metrological and climatic factors. Moreover, a Bayesian framework has been constructed in order to incorporate the hypothesis of stationarity as a new uncertainty in floods or droughts frequency analysis.</p>
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