Article Dans Une Revue Biological Reviews Année : 2005

Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach

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More realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALs, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non-hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build-up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes.

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hal-00363746 , version 1 (25-02-2009)

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Jean-François Ponge. Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach. Biological Reviews, 2005, 80 (3), pp.403-411. ⟨10.1017/S146479310500672X⟩. ⟨hal-00363746⟩

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