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            <title xml:lang="en">EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL SATURATION PROTOCOLS ON XRD PATTERNS: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND DISCUSSION</title>
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                <forename type="first">Regine</forename>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Clays and Clay Minerals&lt;/i&gt;, 2005, 53 (6), pp.631-638</idno>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Ethylene Glycol Solvation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">High-charge Smectite</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">K Saturation</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Mg Saturation</term>
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              <p>The study of the transformation of smectite to illite, chlorite or vermiculite via interstratified clay minerals needs precise qualitative and quantitative determinations of the different layers in the mixed- layer clays and is generally based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns after specific treatments of the clay samples. Saturation with K or Mg followed by ethylene glycol (EG) solvation are classical methods used to identify high-charge smectite and vermiculite. These procedures have been applied to two experimental clays, one composed of smectite layers and the second, a mixture of vermiculite and smectite layers. Different methods of glycolation (EG vapor or liquid EG) produce significant differences in the XRD patterns. Comparison with literature data indicates that K-saturated, high-charge smectite (~0.8 &lt; total charge &lt;1/unit-cell) and Mg-vermiculite (whatever its charge) do not expand in ethylene glycol vapor (d values ~14ÿ15 A Ê ). Expansion to 17 A Ê in liquid ethylene glycol occurs for Mg-vermiculite with a total charge of &lt;~1.2/unit-cell and for K-saturated, high-charge smectite, when the tetrahedral charge is &lt;~0.7/unit-cell. This study shows that: (1) procedures of glycolation need to be standardized; (2) the use of saturation protocols using both liquid ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol vapor yields useful additional information about the distribution of charges in clay minerals.</p>
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