Supercapacitors Fluorine Chalcogenides Sol-gel Raman spectroscopy Chalcogenide Electronic structure Lithium batteries Optical properties Calcined clay Supercapacitor Titanium AFM Spectroscopy Li-ion batteries Thin films Etching Sputtering PVD Organic batteries X-ray diffraction Energy storage Catalysis Magnetic properties Inorganic compounds Degradation Molybdenum Europium Resistive switching Functionalization Dislocation XPS Thin film Ionic liquids DFT Nanocomposite DFT calculations Mott insulator Grafting CIGSe Pseudocapacitance Solar cell Electrical properties Electrode Composites Couches minces X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Electrochemistry Density functional theory Magnetron sputtering MnO2 NEXAFS Synthesis NMR Mechanical properties Microstructure Electrochemical capacitors Graphene Hydrogel Anode Organic battery Cyclic voltammetry Raman Sulfosalt Interface Vanadium nitride Structure Lithium-ion batteries Graphite Binder MAS NMR Fluorescence Silicon Solar cells Atomic force microscopy Carbon nanotubes Copper Mercury AlN Organic solar cells EIS Luminescence Italy Transmission electron microscopy Phosphorescence Photoluminescence Crystal structure EPMA Oxides Buffer layer Intercalation Palygorskite EELS Titanium dioxide CuIn TEM CIGS Nanoparticles Aluminum nitride Lithium battery