AFM Palygorskite Structure Graphite Italy CIGS Functionalization Oxides Density functional theory Lithium batteries Organic solar cell Calcined clay Solar cells Nanoparticles Lithium-ion batteries Optical properties MnO2 Inorganic compounds NEXAFS Anode Mercury XPS Copper Sulfosalt Buffer layer CIGSe Atomic force microscopy Composites Photovoltaics Graphene EIS Chalcogenides DFT calculations Mott insulator Transmission electron microscopy Electrochemical capacitors Magnetron sputtering Magnetic properties Crystal structure Energy storage MAS NMR Fluorescence Degradation Raman spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Interface Microfluidics Li-ion batteries Thin films X-ray diffraction Lithium battery Silicon Thin film Photoluminescence NMR Microstructure TEM Intercalation Electrochemistry Solar cell Electrical properties Organic solar cells Perovskite Raman Vanadium nitride Supercapacitor Supercapacitors AlN Titanium Grafting Sol-gel Nanocomposite Europium Organic batteries Organic battery EELS Chalcogenide Etching Phosphorescence Electrode Spectroscopy CuIn Ionic liquids Catalysis Molybdenum Luminescence Mechanical properties Hydrogel Cyclic voltammetry DFT Carbon nanotubes Pseudocapacitance Binder Resistive switching Fluorine Nanoparticules Titanium dioxide Dislocation Sputtering PVD