Raman scattering Plasma etching Photoluminescence Solar cell XPS Europium Hydrogel Supercapacitors Electrochemistry Mechanical properties Calcined clay PVD Photovoltaics Sol-gel Organic batteries Organic solar cell Nanoparticles Mott insulator CuIn EELS CIGS Silicon DFT Phosphorescence EIS NMR Magnetic properties Energy storage Solar cells Electrode TEM Catalysis Supercapacitor CIGSe Organic battery Nanocomposite Sulfosalt AFM Titanium Lithium batteries Carbon nanotubes Lithium-ion batteries Transmission electron microscopy Electrochemical capacitors Microfluidics Chalcogenides Nanoparticules Titanium dioxide Density functional theory X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Organic solar cells Graphene DFT calculations Perovskite Crystal structure Ionic liquids Optical properties Interface Intercalation Atomic force microscopy Inorganic compounds Luminescence Magnetron sputtering Electrical properties Spectroscopy Anode Thin film AlN X-ray diffraction Grafting Molybdenum Thin films Copper Etching Pseudocapacitance Functionalization MAS NMR Li-ion batteries Buffer layer NEXAFS MnO2 Resistive switching Sputtering Chalcogenide Composites Oxides Palygorskite Fluorescence Lithium battery Raman spectroscopy Italy Dislocation Microstructure Fluorine Graphite Raman Polymers Degradation Cyclic voltammetry Structure