A Global Ocean Oxygen Database and Atlas for assessing and predicting deoxygenation and ocean health in the open and coastal ocean
M. Grégoire
(1)
,
Véronique Garçon
(2)
,
Hernán E. Garcia
(3)
,
Denise Breitburg
(4)
,
Kirsten Isensee
(5)
,
Andreas Oschlies
(6)
,
Maciej Telszewski
(7)
,
Alexander Barth
(8)
,
Henry C. Bittig
(9)
,
Jacob Carstensen
(10)
,
Thierry Carval
(11)
,
Fei Chai
(12)
,
Francisco Chavez
(13)
,
Daniel J. Conley
(14)
,
Laurent Coppola
(15)
,
Sean A. Crowe
(16)
,
Kim I. Currie
(17)
,
Minhan Dai
(18)
,
Bruno Deflandre
(19)
,
Boris Dewitte
(20, 21)
,
Robert Diaz
(22)
,
Emilio Garcia-Robledo
(23)
,
Denis Gilbert
(24)
,
Alessandra Giorgetti
(25)
,
Ronnie Nøhr Glud
(26)
,
Dimitri Gutierrez
(27)
,
Shigeki Hosoda
(28)
,
Masao Ishii
(29)
,
Gil S. Jacinto
(30)
,
Chris Langdon
(31)
,
Siv K. Lauvset
(32)
,
Lisa Ann Levin
(33)
,
Karin E. Limburg
(34)
,
Hela Mehrtens
(6)
,
Ivonne Montes
(27)
,
Wajih Naqvi
(35)
,
Aurélien Paulmier
(36, 20)
,
Benjamin Pfeil
(37)
,
Grant Pitcher
(38)
,
Sylvie Pouliquen
(11)
,
Nancy Rabalais
,
Christophe Rabouille
(39, 40)
,
Virginie Recape
(41)
,
Michaël Roman
(42)
,
Kenneth Rose
(43)
,
Daniel L. Rudnick
(44)
,
Jodie L. Rummer
(43)
,
Catherine Schmechtig
(15)
,
Sunke Schmidtko
(6)
,
Brad Seibel
(45)
,
Caroline Slomp
(46)
,
Ussif Rashid Sumalia
(47)
,
Toste Tanhua
(6)
,
Virginie Thierry
(11)
,
Hiroshi Uchida
(28)
,
Rik Wanninkhof
(3)
,
Moriaki Yasuhara
(48)
1
Université de Liège
2 CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse]
3 NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4 SERC - Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
5 UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
6 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
7 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
8 GHER - GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research
9 IOW - Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
10 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
11 IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
12 University of Maine
13 MBARI - Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
14 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
15 LOV - Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche
16 UBC EOAS - Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver]
17 NIWA - National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Auckland]
18 Xiamen University
19 EPOC - Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques
20 IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
21 CECI - Climat, Environnement, Couplages et Incertitudes [Toulouse]
22 University of Virginia
23 UCA - Universidad de Cádiz = University of Cádiz
24 Institut Maurice-Lamontagne
25 OGS - Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale
26 DMI - Danish Meteorological Institute
27 IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú
28 JAMSTEC - Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
29 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
30 UP System - University of the Philippines
31 RSMAS - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
32 NORCE - Norwegian Research Center
33 SIO - UC San Diego - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
34 SUNY - State University of New York
35 CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [India]
36 LEGOS - Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales
37 BCCR - Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
38 University of Cape Town
39 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
40 OVSQ - Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
41 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences
42 Horn Point Laboratory
43 ARC - The ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reefs Studies [Townsville, Australie]
44 The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego]
45 College of Marine Science [St Petersburg, FL]
46 Faculty of Geosciences [Utrecht]
47 UBC - University of British Columbia
48 HKU - The University of Hong Kong
2 CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse]
3 NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4 SERC - Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
5 UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
6 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
7 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
8 GHER - GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research
9 IOW - Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde
10 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
11 IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer
12 University of Maine
13 MBARI - Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
14 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
15 LOV - Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche
16 UBC EOAS - Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Vancouver]
17 NIWA - National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Auckland]
18 Xiamen University
19 EPOC - Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques
20 IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
21 CECI - Climat, Environnement, Couplages et Incertitudes [Toulouse]
22 University of Virginia
23 UCA - Universidad de Cádiz = University of Cádiz
24 Institut Maurice-Lamontagne
25 OGS - Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale
26 DMI - Danish Meteorological Institute
27 IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú
28 JAMSTEC - Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
29 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
30 UP System - University of the Philippines
31 RSMAS - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
32 NORCE - Norwegian Research Center
33 SIO - UC San Diego - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
34 SUNY - State University of New York
35 CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [India]
36 LEGOS - Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales
37 BCCR - Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
38 University of Cape Town
39 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
40 OVSQ - Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
41 Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences
42 Horn Point Laboratory
43 ARC - The ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reefs Studies [Townsville, Australie]
44 The Scripps Research Institute [La Jolla, San Diego]
45 College of Marine Science [St Petersburg, FL]
46 Faculty of Geosciences [Utrecht]
47 UBC - University of British Columbia
48 HKU - The University of Hong Kong
M. Grégoire
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Véronique Garçon
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Denise Breitburg
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Andreas Oschlies
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Alexander Barth
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Henry C. Bittig
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Jacob Carstensen
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Francisco Chavez
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Daniel J. Conley
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Laurent Coppola
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Bruno Deflandre
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Boris Dewitte
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Emilio Garcia-Robledo
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Alessandra Giorgetti
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Ronnie Nøhr Glud
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Masao Ishii
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Siv K. Lauvset
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Lisa Ann Levin
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Ivonne Montes
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Résumé
In this paper, we outline the need for a coordinated international effort toward the building of an open-access Global Ocean Oxygen Database and ATlas (GO$_2$DAT) complying with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). GO$_2$DAT will combine data from the coastal and open ocean, as measured by the chemical Winkler titration method or by sensors (e.g., optodes, electrodes) from Eulerian and Lagrangian platforms (e.g., ships, moorings, profiling floats, gliders, ships of opportunities, marine mammals, cabled observatories). GO$_2$DAT will further adopt a community-agreed, fully documented metadata format and a consistent quality control (QC) procedure and quality flagging (QF) system. GO$_2$DAT will serve to support the development of advanced data analysis and biogeochemical models for improving our mapping, understanding and forecasting capabilities for ocean O$_2$ changes and deoxygenation trends. It will offer the opportunity to develop quality-controlled data synthesis products with unprecedented spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal (sub-seasonal to multi-decadal) resolution. These products will support model assessment, improvement and evaluation as well as the development of climate and ocean health indicators. They will further support the decision-making processes associated with the emerging blue economy, the conservation of marine resources and their associated ecosystem services and the development of management tools required by a diverse community of users (e.g., environmental agencies, aquaculture, and fishing sectors). A better knowledge base of the spatial and temporal variations of marine O$_2$ will improve our understanding of the ocean O$_2$ budget, and allow better quantification of the Earth’s carbon and heat budgets. With the ever-increasing need to protect and sustainably manage ocean services, GO$_2$DAT will allow scientists to fully harness the increasing volumes of O$_2$ data already delivered by the expanding global ocean observing system and enable smooth incorporation of much higher quantities of data from autonomous platforms in the open ocean and coastal areas into comprehensive data products in the years to come. This paper aims at engaging the community (e.g., scientists, data managers, policy makers, service users) toward the development of GO$_2$DAT within the framework of the UN Global Ocean Oxygen Decade (GOOD) program recently endorsed by IOC-UNESCO. A roadmap toward GO$_2$DAT is proposed highlighting the efforts needed (e.g., in terms of human resources).
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